Herbarium Specimen Details

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1990
Locality USA. Florida , Jefferson Co. : Above and behind the bluff of Lake Miccosukee, at the site of "the old Judge Hopkins' fish camp". 30° 34' 60" N 84° 1' 60" W
Habitat Upland mixed woodland.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector R. K. Godfrey 83080
with R. Carter
Collection Date 14 Apr 1989
Accession Number 252031
Image 252031.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.
Locality USA. Florida , Suwannee Co. : Road shoulder on the S side of US 27, ca. 0.5 mi. W of Ichetucknee River. T6S, R15E, Sec. 22.
Habitat Roadside.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector R. Mears
Collection Date 18 Apr 1992
Accession Number 204546
Image 204546.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.
Locality USA. Florida , Flagler Co. : At the corner of Gwen Street and Underwood Avenue in Flagler Estates, 1.6 km SW of Palatka and Deep Boulevard. T10S, R28E, Sec. 22. UTM 17R 454723 / 3276636. 29° 26' 60" N 81° 16' 60" W
Description Common.
Habitat Waste areas.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector C. Slaughter 13741
Collection Date 18 Mar 2003
Accession Number 244756
Image 244756.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.
Locality USA. Florida , Levy Co. : Ca. 5.2 mi. SE of Gulf Hammock on US 19 / 98.T15S, R16E, Sec. 9. 29° 56' 60" N 85° 12' 0" W
Habitat Dry roadside.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector R. P. Wunderlin 9487
Collection Date 21 Apr 1984
Accession Number 177423
Image 177423.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.
Locality USA. Florida , Hernando Co. : 6 mi. N of Brooksville, on C-476, 2 mi. E of Hunter Road. T21S, R19E, Sec. 27. 28° 33' 19" N 82° 23' 16" W
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector C. vanHoek
Collection Date 12 Apr 1986
Accession Number 189425
Image 189425.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.
Locality USA. Florida , Levy Co. : Along FL 24, 5.1 mi. SW of Otter Creek. T14S, R15E, Sec. 6, SE¼ of SE¼.
Habitat Roadside.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector B. F. Hansen 10959
with F. Essig
Collection Date 15 Apr 1986
Accession Number 189440
Image 189440.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: R. K. Godfrey, 21-Apr-1974
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1981
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: Lonard, s.d.
Locality USA. Florida , Wakulla Co. : Vicinity of Newport. 30° 10' 60" N 84° 10' 0" W
Habitat Power line transect, slight ridges in pine flatwoods. Sandy soil.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector R. K. Godfrey 74413
Collection Date 21 Apr 1974
Accession Number 111105
Image 111105.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: Kral, 14 Mar 1957
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1981
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: Lonard, s.d.
Locality USA. Florida , Leon Co. : 5 mi. N of Tallahassee. 30° 26' 18" N 84° 16' 51" W
Habitat Fallow field.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector R. K. Godfrey
with R. Kral
Collection Date 14 Mar 1957
Accession Number 723
Image 723.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1981
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: Lonard, s.d.
Locality USA. Florida , Franklin Co. : St. Marks [National] Wildlife Refuge. Near the Gulf of Mexico at Bald Point. 29° 56' 60" N 85° 12' 0" W
Habitat Scrub.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector J. E. Poppleton
Collection Date 19 Apr 1975
Accession Number 119681
Image 119681.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1981
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: Lonard, s.d.
Locality USA. Florida , Gadsden Co. : Ocklawaha (Ocklockonee) River. 30° 28' 0" N 84° 24' 0" W
Reproductive State
Collector F. I. X. Rugel
Collection Date May 1843
Accession Number 76565
Image 76565.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1981
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: Lonard, s.d.
Locality USA. Florida , Citrus Co. : Margin of C-480, E of the junction with C-491; SE of Lecanto. 28° 51' 6" N 82° 29' 15" W
Description Dense colony; local.
Habitat An embankment sloping to a flat, low hardwood association.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector O. K. Lakela 25815
Collection Date 16 Apr 1963
Accession Number 55256
Image 55256.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.
Locality USA. Florida , Okaloosa Co. : Downtown Crestview, at the intersection of FL 90 and FL 85. 30° 45' 44" N 86° 34' 14" W
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector G. Wilhelm 9908
Collection Date 14 Mar 1982
Accession Number 171584
Image 171584.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.
Locality USA. Florida , Walton Co. : In DeFuniak Springs, at the corner of Nelson Avenue and 9th Street.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector G. Wilhelm 9918
Collection Date 14 Mar 1982
Accession Number 171583
Image 171583.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.
Locality USA. Florida , Walton Co. : 0.5 mi. S of US 98 on C-395. T2S, R19W, Sec. 3.
Habitat Cut-over longleaf pine [Pinus palustris] - turkey oak [Quercus laevis] woods.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector R. P. Wunderlin 9346
with J. Beckner
Collection Date 01 May 1982
Accession Number 165568
Image 165568.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.
Locality USA. Florida , Baker Co. : Along Shirley Road W of FL 121, Manning. 30° 10' 12" N 82° 11' 4" W
Habitat Roadside ditch.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector W. D. Longbottom 17073
with D.H. Williams
Collection Date 18 Apr 2012
Accession Number 265405
Image 265405.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.
Locality USA. Florida , Calhoun Co. : Little New York; Brett's Bog, FL 167 ca. 2 km NE of the Bay County line. 30° 32' 42" N 85° 22' 12" W
Description Locally occasional ererct herb to 25 cm; lowest lemma and fruit to ca. 6 mm long.
Habitat Seepage roadside bog.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector T. MacClendon 1416
with K. MacClendon, G. Wilder, R.L. Mears, B. Thomas, J. Roche
Collection Date 10 May 2015
Accession Number 281913
Image 281913.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Festuca rubra L.
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. octoflora - Determined By: Lonard,
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1981
Locality USA. Georgia , Chatham Co. : President Street Extension.
Habitat Wet roadside.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector G. R. Swank
Collection Date 04 May 1959
Accession Number 136391
Image 136391.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: F. T. Hubb., 02-Jun-1917
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. octoflora - Determined By: Lonard,
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1981
Locality USA. South Carolina , Beaufort Co. : Yemassee.
Habitat Open pine woods.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector C. F. Batchelder
Collection Date 22 Apr 1917
Accession Number 90080
Image 90080.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: Swallen, 1958
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. octoflora - Determined By: Lonard,
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1981
Locality USA. Mississippi , Perry Co. : Along Bonhomme and Hattiesburg Southern railroad embankment and ballast; ca. 11 mi. SE of Hattiesburg.
Habitat Near rich deciduous woods.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector J. D. Ray, Jr.
Collection Date 07 Apr 1955
Accession Number 16705
Image 16705.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: K. E. Rogers,
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1981
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. octoflora - Determined By: Lonard,
Locality USA. Louisiana , Richland Par. : New Pasture, on Earl Polk's farm, 1 mi. NW of Franklin Parish near LA 135.
Habitat Field, unmown and freshly cleared.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector R. D. Thomas
with Botany 205 class
Collection Date 10 May 1967
Accession Number 108394
Image 108394.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Lolium perenne L.
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1995
Locality USA. Georgia , Charlton Co. : Roadside US 301, S of Martin Street, at the Tahiti Inn, Folkston.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector C. vanHoek
Collection Date 19 Apr 1995
Accession Number 214472
Image 214472.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Festuca rubra L.
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. octoflora - Determined By: Lonard,
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1981
Locality USA. Georgia , Chatham Co. : W of Fort Screven.
Habitat Flat land, sand
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector G. R. Swank
Collection Date 14 May 1960
Accession Number 136393
Image 136393.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: S. R. Hill, Oc 1998
Locality USA. Louisiana , Natchitoches Par. : Mount Olive Church and vicinity, N side LA 6, 6 mi. W of Natchitoches.
Description Common grass, plants glaucous.
Habitat Open sand savanna, prairie remnant; Stipa, Krigia; deep sandy soil.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector S. R. Hill
Collection Date 21 Apr 1998
Accession Number 277962
Image 277962.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora Walter
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. octoflora - Determined By: Lonard,
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1981
Locality USA. Mississippi , Oktibbeha Co. : 6 mi. N of Starkville.
Habitat Steep, deciduous wooded slope.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector J. D. Ray, Jr.
Collection Date 29 Apr 1955
Accession Number 17303
Image 17303.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. octoflora - Determined By: Lonard,
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1981
Locality USA. Georgia , Chatham Co. : W of Fort Screven.
Habitat Roadside low ground.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector G. R. Swank
Collection Date 15 Aug 1959
Accession Number 136381
Image 136381.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. octoflora - Determined By: Lonard,
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1981
Locality USA. Georgia , Chatham Co. : Patterson.
Habitat Roadside low ground.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector G. R. Swank
Collection Date 23 Apr 1960
Accession Number 136383
Image 136383.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. octoflora - Determined By: Lonard,
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1981
Locality USA. Georgia , Chatham Co. : Tybee Island, N beach.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector G. R. Swank
Collection Date 19 Apr 1959
Accession Number 136382
Image 136382.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: P. Genelle & G. Fleming, 1979
Determination History
Festuca dertonensis (All.) Asch. & Graebn.
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. octoflora - Determined By: Lonard,
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1981
Locality USA. Georgia , Chatham Co. : USDA SPI Lab; near wool building.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector G. R. Swank
Collection Date 13 Apr 1960
Accession Number 136389
Image 136389.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: P. Genelle & G. Fleming, 1979
Determination History
Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn.
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. octoflora - Determined By: Lonard,
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1981
Locality USA. Georgia , Pierce Co. : Patterson.
Habitat Roadside low ground.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector G. R. Swank
Collection Date 23 Apr 1960
Accession Number 136531
Image 136531.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: P. Genelle & G. Fleming, 1979
Determination History
Festuca dertonensis (All.) Asch. & Graebn.
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. octoflora - Determined By: Lonard,
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: B. F. Hansen, 1981
Locality USA. Georgia , Brantley Co. : Nahunta, roadside.
Description Common.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector G. R. Swank
Collection Date 15 Apr 1960
Accession Number 136388
Image 136388.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. octoflora - Determined By: Lonard,
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.
Locality USA. Alabama , Franklin Co. : S of Newburg.
Habitat Sandstone region.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector G. R. Cooley
with L. J. Brass
Collection Date 18 Apr 1955
Accession Number 6226
Image 6226.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07 Jan 2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: S. R. Hill, Oct 1997
Locality USA. Illinois , Cass Co. : Beardstown; RR prairie; between tracks at Burlington N RR yards; 1.7 mi. S of IL 125. T18N, R12W, Sec. 26, W¼, NW¼, SE¼. 40° 1' 11" N 90° 26' 8" W
Description Frequent delicate annual.
Habitat Open areas of sand prairie.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector S. R. Hill
Collection Date 03 Jun 1997
Accession Number 241876
Image 241876.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.
Locality USA. Texas , Guadeloupe Co. : Seguin; 1.5 mi. S of I-10 at junction of TX 123 and US 90. 29° 34' 8" N 97° 57' 53" W
Reproductive State Fertile
Elevation 480 to ft
Collector R. P. Sauleda
with D.K. Sauleda
Collection Date 14 Apr 1983
Accession Number 176890
Image 176890.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. tenella Willd. Fernald
Locality USA. Indiana , Brown Co. : 39° 11' 46" N 86° 13' 39" W
Habitat Dry hills.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector L. M. Underwood
Collection Date May 1893
Accession Number 19331
Image 19331.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.
Locality USA. Nebraska , Arthur Co. : W Valley; Arapaho Prairie. 41° 18' 46" N 96° 20' 46" W
Description Common.
Habitat Big field.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector L. A. Kapustka
with J.D. DuBois
Collection Date 24 Jun 1980
Accession Number 184890
Image 184890.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.
Locality USA. Texas , Denton Co. : 1 mi. W of C-428 along farm road; 0.7 mi. N of Trinity River; 5 mi. NE of Denton. 33° 12' 53" N 97° 7' 59" W
Habitat Turkey oak forest-cleared pasture.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector R. P. Sauleda
with D.K. Sauleda
Collection Date 30 Apr 1982
Accession Number 174532
Image 174532.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07 Jan 2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. - Determined By: S. R. Hill, Nov 1999
Locality USA. Illinois , Morgan Co. : SW of Arenzville; ca. Mud Creek and Huppe property; pastured. T16N, R12W, Sec. 1, NW¼. 39° 52' 0" N 90° 23' 0" W
Description Occasional annual.
Habitat Loess hill prairie remnants; small floodplain at creek; deep loess soil; alkaline; in dusturbed soil on ridgetop.
Reproductive State Fertile
Elevation 165 to m
Collector S. R. Hill
Collection Date 17 May 1999
Accession Number 231169
Image 231169.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation

Festuca octoflora
Family Name Poaceae
Currently Accepted Name Festuca octoflora Walter - Determined By: L. C. Noel, 07-Jan-2018
Determination History
Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.
Locality USA. Missouri , Newton Co. : G.W.C. Nat. Monument.
Habitat Open ground; meadows.
Reproductive State Fertile
Collector E. J. Palmer
Collection Date 27 May 1957
Accession Number 163145
Image 163145.jpg
Plant Atlas Link Plant Atlas Citation