Carissa spinarum

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Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	APOCYNACEAE
Species:	Carissa spinarum L.
Common Name:	CONKERBERRY
Status:	Not Native
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	GENTIANALES
Family	APOCYNACEAE
Genus	Carissa
Species	Carissa spinarum L. - CONKERBERRY

Citation

Citation	CARISSA SPINARUM Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 2: 559. 1771.
Basionym:	**
Type:	TYPE: INDIA: Without data, Koenig s.n. (lectotype: LINN 295.2). Lectotypified by Huber, in Abeywickama, Revised Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1(1): 9. 1973.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Martin	FLAS

Synonyms

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Antura edulis	Antura edulis Forsskål, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. cvi, 63. 1775.		TYPE: YEMEN: Al Hadiyah, 1763, Forsskål s.n. (holotype: C; isotype: S).
Antura hadiensis	Antura hadiensis J. F. Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 405. 1791, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Antura edulis Forsskål 1775.
Arduina edulis	Arduina edulis (Forsskål) Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 1: 669. 1824.	BASIONYM: Antura edulis Forsskål 1775.
Arduina inermis	Arduina inermis (Vahl) K. Schumann, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(2): 127. 1895.	BASIONYM: Carissa inermis Vahl 1794.
Arduina laxiflora	Arduina laxiflora (R. Brown) K. Schumann, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(2): 127. 1895.	BASIONYM: Carissa laxiflora R. Brown 1868.
Arduina xylopicron	Ardiuna xylopicron (Du Petit-Thouars) Baillon, Hist. Pl. 10: 170. 1888.	BASIONYM: Carissa xylopicron Du Petit-Thouars 1811.
Carandas edulis	Carandas edulis (Forsskål) Hiern, Cat. Afr. Pl. 1: 664. 1898.	BASIONYM: Antura edulis Forsskål 1775.
Carissa axillaris Roxb.	Carissa axillaris Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2: 526. 1824.		TYPE: MOLUCCA ISLANDS:
Carissa brownii	Carissa brownii F. Mueller, Fragm. 4: 45. 1863, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Carissa ovata R. Brown 1810.
Carissa brownii var. angustifolia	Carissa brownii F. Mueller, var. angustifolia Kempe, Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia 3: 135. 1880.		TYPE: AUSTRALIA:
Carissa candolleana	Carissa candolleana Jaubert & Spach, Ill. Pl. Orient. 5: 107, t. 497. 1857.		TYPE: ETHIOPIA: Near Adoam, 1 Dec 1837, Schimper 209 (lectotype: P: isolectotypes: BM, BR, HBG(2 shts), K(3 shts), MEL, P(2 shts), TUB(2 shts)). Lectotypified by ?
Carissa carandas	Carissa carandas G. Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 7: t. 663. 1822, non Linnaeus 1767.
Carissa carandas var. congesta	Carissa carandas Linnaeus, var. congesta (Wight) Beddome, Fl. Sylv. S. India 126. 1872.	BASIONYM: Carissa congesta Wight 1848.
Carissa carandas var. paucinervia	Carissa carandas Linnaeus, var. paucinervia (Alph. de Candolle) Beddome, Fl. Sylv. S. India 126. 1872.	lBASIONYM: Carissa paucinervia Alph. de Candolle 1844.
Carissa congesta	Carissa congesta Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 4: t. 1289. 1848.		TYPE: INDIA: WIthout data, Shepherd s.n. (holotype: K).
Carissa coriacea	Carissa coriacea Wallich ex G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 105. 1837.		TYPE: MAURITIUS:
Carissa cornifolia	Carissa cornifolia Jaubert & Spach, Ill. Pl. Orient. 5: 108, t. 498. 1857.		TYPE: ETHIOPIA: Saonfetch, 15 Nov 1852, Schimper 1068 (lectotype: P; isolectotypies: BR, G, K, P(2 shts), WAG). Lectotypified by ?
Carissa dalzellii	Carissa dalzellii Beddome, Fl. Sylv. S. India clvii. 1872.		TYPE: INDIA:
Carissa diffusa	Carissa diffusa Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2: 524. 1824.		TYPE: INDIA:
Carissa dulcis	Carissa dulcis Schumacher & Thonning, in Schumacher, Besker. Guin. Pl. 146. 1827.		TYPE: GHANA:
Carissa edulis	Carissa edulis (Forsskål) Vahl, Symb. Bot. 1: 22. 1790.	BASIONYM: Antura edulis Forsskål 1775.
Carissa edulis forma pubescens	Carissa edulis (Forsskål) Vahl, forma pubescens (Alph. de Candolle) Pichon, Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 2: 129. 1949.	BASIONYM: Carissa pubescens Alph. de Candolle 1844.
Carissa edulis subsp. madagascariensis	Carissa edulis (Forsskål) Vahl, subsp. madagascariensis (Du Petit-Thouars ex Poiret) Pichon, Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 2: 130. 1959.	BASIONYM: Carissa madagascariensis Du Petit-Thouars ex Poiret 1811.
Carissa edulis var. sechellensis	Carissa edulis (Forsskål) Vahl, var. sechellensis (Baker) Pichon, Mém. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, Sér. B, Biol. Vég. 2: 3. 1949.	BASIONYM: Carissa sechellensis Baker 1877.
Carissa edulis var. tomentosa	Carissa edulis (Forsskål) Vahl, var. tomentosa (A. Richard) Stapf, in Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. 4(1): 90. 1902.	BASIONYM: Carissa tomentosa A. Rich. 1850.
Carissa hirsuta	Carissa hirsuta Roth, in Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 4: 522. 1819.		TYPE: INDIA:
Carissa inermis	Carissa inermis Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 43. 1794.		TYPE: INDIA:
Carissa lanceolata	Carissa lanceolata R. Brown, Prodr. 468. 1810.		TYPE: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory: Sir Edward Pellew Group of islands, Gulf of Carpenteria, 21 Dec 1802, Brown 2852 (holotype: BM; isotypes: BM, CANB, FI, P, S).
Carissa lanceolata	Carissa lanceolata Dalzell, in Dalzell & Gibson, Bombay Fl. 143. 1861, non R. Brown 1810.		TYPE: INDIA:
Carissa laxiflora	Carissa laxiflora R. Brown, Fl. Austral. 4: 305. 1868.		TYPE: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Cape York, 27 Oct 1849, McGillivray 488 (holotype: K).
Carissa macrophylla	Carissa macrophylla Wallich ex G. Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 104. 1837.		TYPE: INDIA:
Carissa madagascariensis	Carissa madagascariensis Du Petit-Thouars ex Poiret, in Lamarck, Encycl., Suppl. 2: 18. 1811.		TYPE: MADAGASCAR:
Carissa ovata	Carissa ovata R. Brown, Prodr. 468. 1810.		TYPE: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Thirsty Sound, 6 Sep 1802, Brown 2850 (lectotype: BM; isolectotypes: CANB, K). Lectotypified by P. I. Forster, Austral. Syst. Bot. 5: 587. 1992.
Carissa paucinervia	Carissa paucinervia Alph. de Candolle, in de Candolle, Prodr. 8: 333. 1844.		TYPE: INDIA:
Carissa pubescens	Carissa pubescens Alph. de Candolle, in de Candolle, Prodr. 8: 334. 1844.
Carissa richardiana	Carissa richardiana Jaubert & Spach, Ill. Pl. Orient. 5: 106, t. 496. 1857.		TYPE: ETHIOPIA: Near Adoam, 6 Jan 1837, Schimper 156 (lectotype: P; isolectotypes: BM(2 shts), BR(2 shts), G(3 shts), GH, HBG, L(2 shts), MEL(2 shts), MPU, NY, P(2 shts), S(2 shts), TUB(2 shts), WAG. Lectotypified by ?
Carissa scabra	Carissa scabra R. Brown, Prodr. 468. 1810.		TYPE: AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Good's Island, Prince of Wales Islands, 12 Feb 1802, Brown 2851 (holotype: BM: isotypes: BM, CANB).
Carissa sechellensis	Carissa sechellensis Baker, Fl. Mauritius 222. 1877.		TYPE: SEYCHELLES: Without locality, 1874, Horne s.n. (holotype: K).
Carissa spinarum var. hirsuta	Carissa spinarum Linnaeus, var. hirsuta (Roth) Hooker f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 631. 1882.	BSIONYM: Carissa hirsuta Roth 1819.
Carissa suavissima	Carissa suavissima Beddome ex Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 3: 632. 1882.		TYPE: INDIA: WIthout data, Beddome 5079 (holotype: BM).
Carissa tomentosa	Carissa tomentosa A. Richard, Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 30. 1850.		TYPE: ETHIOPIA:
Carissa villosa	Carissa villosa Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2: 525. 1824.
Carissa xylopicron	Carissa xylopicron Du Petit-Thouars, Mélang. Bot. 80, t. [2?]. 1811.		TYPE: MAURITIIUS: Without data, Du Petit-Thouars s.n. (holotype: P).
Jasminonerium dulce	Jasmoninerium dulce (Schumacher & Thonning) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 414. 1891.	BASIONYM: Carissa dulcis Schumacher & Thonning 1827.
Jasminonerium edule	Jasminonerium edule (Forsskål) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 414. 1891.	BASIONYM: Antura edulis Forsskål 1775.
Jasminonerium inerme	Jasminonerium inerme (Vahl) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 414. 1891.	BASIONYM: Carissa inermis Vahl 1794.
Jasminonerium laxiflorum	Jasminonerium laxiflorum (R. Brown) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 414. 1891.	BASIONYM: Carissa laxiflora R. Brown 1868.
Jasminonerium madagascariense	Jasminonerium madagascariensse (Du Petit-Thouars ex Poiret) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 414. 1891.	BASIONYM: Carissa madagascariensis Du Petit-Thouars ex Poiret 1811.
Jasminonerium ovatum	Jasminonerium ovatum (R. Brown) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 414. 1891.	BASIONYM: Carissa ovata R. Brown 1810.
Jasminonerium pubescens	Jasminonerium pubescens (Alph. de Candolle) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 414. 1891.	BASIONYM: Carissa pubescens Alph. de Candolle 1844.
Jasminonerium sechellensis	Jasminonerium sechellensis (Baker) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 414. 1891.	BASIONYM: Carissa sechellensis Baker 1877.
Jasminonerium suavissimum	Jasminonerium suavissimum (Beddome ex Hooker f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 414. 1891.	BASIONYM: Carissa suavissima Beddome ex Hooker f. 1882.
Jasminonerium tomentosum	Jasminonerium tomentosum (A. Richard) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 414. 1891.	BASIONYM: Carissa tomentosa A. Rich. 1850.
Jasminonerium xylopicron	Jasminonerium xylopicron (Du Petit-Thouars) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 414. 1891.	BASIONYM: Carissa xylopicron Du Petit-Thouars 1811.

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen	Notes	Image

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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Filter by County - Counties to Exclude - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will not be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will not be found within any of the selected counties.

Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

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Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

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