Varronia curassavica

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	BORAGINACEAE
Species:	Varronia curassavica Jacq.
Common Name:	BLACK SAGE
Status:	Not Native
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	BORAGINALES
Family	BORAGINACEAE
Genus	Varronia
Species	Varronia curassavica Jacq. - BLACK SAGE

Citation

Citation	VARRONIA CURASSAVICA Jacquin, Enum. Syst. Pl. 14. 1760.
Basionym:	**
Type:	CURACAO;

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Broward	USF

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Cordia curassavica	Cordia curassavica (Jacquin) Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 4: 460. 1819.	BASIONYM: Varronia curassavica Jacquin 1760.
Cordia brevispicata	Cordia brevispicata M. Martens & Galeotti, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 11(2): 331. 1844.		TYPE: MEXICO: Puebla: Tehuacán, 1840, Galeotti 7192 (holotype: BR; isotypes: BR, G, K).
Cordia brevispicata var. hypomalaca	Cordia brevispicata M. Martens & Galeotti, var. hypomalaca Greenman, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 338. 1912.		TYPE: MEXICO: Oaxaca: Cerro San Felipe, 30 Jun 1907, Conzatti 1831 (holotype: F; isotypes: F, GH).
Cordia chacoensis	Cordia chacoensis Chodat, Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, ser. 2. 12: 218. 1921.		TYPE: PARAGUAY: Without data, Aug 1901, Hassler 7248 (holotype: G; isotype: F).
Cordia chepensis	Cordia chepensis Pittier, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 253. 1917.		TYPE: PANAMA: Chepo, 8 Oct 1911, Pittier 4511 (holotype: US).
Cordia cylindrostachya var. graveolens	Cordia cylindrostachya (Ruiz López & Pavón) Roemer & Schultes, var. graveolens (Kunth) Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W.I. 480. 1861.	BASIONYM: Cordia graveolens Kunth 1819.
Cordia cylindrostachya var. interrupta	Cordia cylindrostachya (Ruiz López & Pavón) Roemer & Schultes, var. interrupta (Alph. de Candolle) Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W.I. 480. 1861.	BASIONYM: Cordia interrupta Alph. de Candolle 1845.
Cordia graveolens	Cordia graveolens Kunth, in Humboldt et al., Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 74. 1819.		TYPE: VENEZUELA: Bolívar: Between Ferreras and Angostura, May, Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (holotype: P).
Cordia hispida	Cordia hispida Bentham, Bot. Voy. Sulphur 139. 1845.		TYPE: HONDURAS: Valle: Gulf of Fonseca, s.d., Sinclair s.n. (lectotype: K). Lectotypified by J. S. Miller, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: 474. 1988.
Cordia imparilis	Cordia imparilis J. F. Macbride, Contr. Gray Herb. 49: 16. 1917.		TYPE: MEXICO: Guerrero/Michoacán: Banio Nuevo, 1 Aug 1898, Langlassé 265 (holotype: GH; isotypes: G(2 shts), K, US).
Cordia interrupta	Cordia interrupta Alph. de Candolle, in de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 491. 1845.
Cordia linearis	Cordia linearis Alph. de Candolle, in de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 493. 1845.		TYPE: MEXICO: Without data, Ruiz López & Pavón s.n. (holotype: G-DC).
Cordia littoralis	Cordia littoralis Pittier, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 253, f. 104. 1917.		TYPE: COSTA RICA: Limón: Puerto Limón, 27 May 1911, Pittier 3641 (holotype: US).
Cordia macrostachya	Cordia macrostachya (Jacquin) Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 4: 461. 1819.	BASIONYM: Varronia macrostachya Jacquini 1760.
Cordia mollis	Cordia mollis Pittier, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 254. 1917.		TYPE: GUATEMALA: Between Chiquín and Trapiche Grande, on the road from Guatemala City to Salamá, 19 Apr 1905, Pittier 134 (holotype: US).
Cordia obliqua	Cordia obliqua (Ruiz López & Pavón) Kunth, in Humboldt et al., Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 74. 1819, non Willdenow 1798.	BASIONYM: Varronia obliqua Ruiz López & Pavón 1799.
Cordia palmeri	Cordia palmeri S. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 24: 62. 1889.		TYPE: MEXICO: Sonora: Guaymas, 1887, Palmer 281 (holotype: GH; isotypes: C, K, NY, UC, US(3 shts)).
Cordia peruviana var. mexicana	Cordia peruviana Roemer & Schultes, var. mexicana Alph. de Candolle, in de Candolle, Prodr. 9: 491. 1845.		TYPE: MEXICO: Campeche: Near Campeche, s.d., Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (holotype: G?).
Cordia socorrensis	Cordia socorrensis Brandegee, Erythea 7: 5. 1899.		TYPE: MEXICO: Colima: Socorro Island, Mar-Jun 1897, Anthony 384 (holotype: UC; isotypes: CAS, F, GH, K, MEXU, MO, RSA, SD, US).
Lantana bullata	Lantana bullata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 627. 1753.		TYPE: JAMAICA: Without data (lectotype: Plukenet, Phytographia t. 221(3). 1692). Lectotypified by Gaviria, Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 23: 224. 1987.
Montjolya bullata	Montjolya bullata (Linnaeus) Friesen, Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, ser. 2. 24: 142. 1933.	BASIONYM: Lantana bullata Linnaeus 1753.
Varronia graveolens	Varronia graveolens (Kunth) Borhidi, Acta Biol. Hung. 34: 391. 1988.	BASIONYM: Cordia graveolens Kunth 1819.
Varronia guianensis	Varronia guianensis Desvaux, J. Bot. (Paris) 1: 270. 1809.
Varronia hispida	Varronia hispida (Bentham) Borhidi, Acta Biol. Hung. 34: 391. 1988.	BASIONYM: Cordia hispida Bentham 1845.
Varronia interrupta	Varronia interrupta (Alph. de Candolle) Borhidi, Acta Biol. Hung. 34: 392. 1988.	BASIONYM: Cordia interrupta Alph. de Candolle 1845.
Varronia macrostachya	Varronia macrostachya Jacquin, Enum. Syst. Pl. 14. 1760.
Varronia obliqua	Varronia obliqua Ruiz López & Pavón, Fl. Peruv. 2: 24, t. 147(b). 1799.		TYPE: PERU:

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen	Notes
USA	Florida	Broward Co.	24 Jun 2005	P. L. Howell 871
St. Vincent & the Grenadines	St. Vincent	Charlotte Par.	15 Mar 1962	G. R. Cooley 8502
Cayman Islands	Grand Cayman Island	George Town Distr.	17 Aug 1971	N. Chevalier 90
Barbados	St. Joseph Par.		10 Mar 1965	G. R. Proctor 26181
Jamaica	Surrey Co.	Portland Par.	23 Feb 1954	G. R. Proctor 8385
El Salvador	La Libertad Dept.		08 Jul 1957	J. A. Lagos 849
Suriname	Paramaribo		12 Jul 1961	W. H. A. Hekking 897
Mexico	Oaxaca		03 Aug 1975	Wallace 353
Honduras	Gracias a Dios Dept.		28 Jan 1984	A. Regina Andino 103
Costa Rica	Limón Prov.		Mar 1983	L. D. Gomez 20142
Mexico	Oaxaca	Santiago Apóstol Mun.	07 Jun 1984	G. G. Robinson 84-4-38
Honduras	Francisco Morazán Dept.		22 May 1985	A. Ferrera B. 197
Guyana	Demerara-Mahaica		12 Aug 1995	S. R. Hill 27106
Honduras	Gracias a Dios Dept.		29 Jan 1984	G. Adolfo Torres 115
Belize	Orange Walk Distr.		26 Nov 1976	P. W. Leino 7638
Brazil	Paraná		24 Jan 1967	J. C. Lindeman 4428
Guyana	Pomeroon-Supenaam		26 Mar 1970	D. Davis 1958
Colombia	Antioquia Dept.	Frontino Mun.	23 Sep 1987	J. L. Zarucchi 5658
Mexico	Baja California		10 Dec 1959	A. M. Carter 446
Mexico	Puebla		06 Jul 1978	T. S. Cochrane 8504	Cytological material collected.
Mexico	Oaxaca		09 Aug 1979	S. Trott 222
Honduras	Gracias a Dios Dept.		28 Jan 1984	A. R. Andino 103
Mexico	Yucatán		26 Jul 1982	S. P. Darwin 2267
Mexico	Puebla		02 Aug 1975	K. Torke 313

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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Filter by County - Counties to Exclude - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will not be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will not be found within any of the selected counties.

Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

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Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

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