Fragaria virginiana

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	ROSACEAE
Species:	Fragaria virginiana Duchesne
Common Name:	VIRGINIA STRAWBERRY
Status:	Native, FACU (NWPL)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	ROSALES
Family	ROSACEAE
Genus	Fragaria
Species	Fragaria virginiana Duchesne - VIRGINIA STRAWBERRY

Citation

Citation	FRAGARIA VIRGINIANA Duchesne, Hist. Nat. Frais. 204. 1766.
Basionym:	**
Type:	VIRGINIA: Cultivated in Netherlands, Herb. Cliffort s.n. (lectotype: BM). Lectotypified by Staudt, Canad. J. Bot. 40: 880. 1962.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Jackson	FSU
Leon	NY

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Fragaria odora	Fragaria odora Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 363. 1796, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Fragaria virginiana Miller 1766.
Potentilla virginiana	Potentilla virginiana (Miller) E. H. L. Krause, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., ed. 2. 8: 111. 1904.	BASIONYM: Fragaria virginiana Miller 1768.
Fragaria grayana	Fragaria grayana E. Vilmorin ex J. Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 4. 8: 202. 1857.		TYPE: NEW YORK: Cultivated at Paris, 13 May 1858, Vilmorin s.n. (lectotype: BM). Lectotypified by Staudt, Canad. J. Bot. 40: 881. 1962.
Fragaria virginiana subsp. grayana	Fragaria virginiana Miller, subsp. grayana (E. Vilmorin ex J. Gay) Staudt, Canad. J. Bot. 40: 881. 1962.	BASIONYM: Fragaria grayana E. Vilmorin ex J. Gay 1857.
Fragaria virginiana var. acidula	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. acidula Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 97. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. alectorea	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. alectorea Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 100. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. alta	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. alta Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 97. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. angustifolia	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. angustifolia Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 97. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. autumnalis	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. autumnalis Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 99. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. banksii	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. banksii Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 96. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. carolae	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. carolae Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 95. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. coccinea	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. coccinea Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 95. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. dulcissima	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. dulcissima Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 97. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. episcopalis	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. episcopalis Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 98. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. fasciculata	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. fasciculata Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 96. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. garnstoniana	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. garnstoniana Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 98. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. grayana	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. grayana (E. Vilmorin ex J. Gay) Rydberg, Monogr. N. Amer. Potent. 180. 1898, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. illinoensis A. Gray 1867; Fragaria grayana E. Vilmorin ex J. Gay 1857.
Fragaria virginiana var. groviana	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. groviana Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 95. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. illinoensis	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. illinoensis A. Gray, Manual, ed. 5. 155. 1867.	BASIONYM: Fragaria grayana E. Vilmorin ex J. Gay 1857.
Fragaria virginiana var. knightii	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. knightii Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 99. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. levishamiana	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. levishamiana Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 96. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. lucida	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. lucida Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 97. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. maxima	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. maxima Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 98. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. oblonga	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. oblonga Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 94. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. parva	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. parva Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 96. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. pitmastoniana	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. pitmastoniana Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 99. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. praecox	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. praecox Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 96. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. prisca	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. prisca Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 94. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. rhodocarpa	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. rhodocarpa Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 95. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. sconiana	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. sconiana Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 98. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. vernonii	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. vernonii Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 98. 1866.
Fragaria virginiana var. wilmotiana	Fragaria virginiana Miller, var. wilmotiana Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 100. 1866.

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen
USA	Washington	Ferry Co.	20 Jun 1978	D. Guenther s.n.
USA	Missouri	Taney Co.	29 Apr 1973	W. Ellzey 127
Canada	Ontario Prov.		14 May 1975	J. C. Semple 1128
USA	Missouri	Taney Co.	28 Apr 1973	J. K. Parrott 578
USA	New York	Bronx Co.	29 Apr 1967	F. E. Lohrer s.n.
USA	Maine	Aroostook Co.	18 Sep 1900	M. L. Fernald s.n.
USA	Maine	Washington Co.	01 Jul 1902	G. G. Kennedy s.n.
USA	Massachusetts	Middlesex Co.	1885	M. Rodman s.n.
USA	New Hampshire	Hillsborough Co.	27 May 1909	C. F. Batchelder 2046
USA	New Hampshire	Hillsborough Co.	06 Jul 1909	C. F. Batchelder 2042
USA	New Jersey	Bergen Co.	06 May 1919	L. Griscom 9055
USA	New Hampshire	Cheshire Co.	06 Jun 1941	C. H. Knowlton s.n.
USA	Kentucky	Fayette Co.	24 Apr 1961	V. B. Pumphrey 26
USA	Illinois	Kane Co.	11 May 1995	S. R. Hill 26493
USA	Minnesota	Sherburne Co.	03 May 1986	W. R. Smith 11379
Canada	Ontario	Sudbury Dist.	28 Jun 1934	M. L. Fernald 3375
USA	Pennsylvania	Lehigh Co.	Jun 1898	P. Dowell 435
USA	Wisconsin	Lafayette Co.	10 May 1959	G. Schefdore s.n.
USA	Kansas	Wilson Co.	18 Apr 1968	S. Stephens 19885
USA	New Hampshire	Strafford Co.	26 Apr 1991	S. Landry 3
USA	Virginia	Giles Co.	01 May 1973	L. J. Uttal 9624
Canada	Ontario	Thunder Bay Dist.	29 Jun 1914	O. E. Jennings 6051
Canada	Ontario	Thunder Bay Dist.	14 Jul 1913	O. E. Jennings 3388
Canada	Ontario	Thunder Bay Dist.	06 Jul 1912	O. E. Jennings 796
USA	Missouri	McDonald Co.	17 Apr 1969	N. C. Henderson 69-17
Canada	Quebec		14 Jun 1968	L. K. Henry s.n.
USA	West Virginia	Marion Co.	05 May 1956	G. B. Rossbach 905
Canada	Nova Scotia		24 Jun 1968	L. K. Henry s.n.
Canada	Ontario	Thunder Bay Dist.	28 Jun 1914	O. E. Jennings 6037
USA	North Carolina	Alleghany Co.	02 May 1958	A. E. Radford 32755
USA	Tennessee	Knox Co.	11 Apr 1965	G. H. Morton 265
USA	Arkansas	Washington Co.	22 Apr 1961	U. T. Waterfall 15973
USA	North Carolina	Macon Co.	02 May 1978	J. A. Lassiter 163

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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Associated Ecological Communities

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Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2023. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

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