Magnolia acuminata

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	MAGNOLIACEAE
Species:	Magnolia acuminata (L.)L.
Common Name:	CUCUMBERTREE
Status:	Native, Endangered-State
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	MAGNOLIALES
Family	MAGNOLIACEAE
Genus	Magnolia
Species	Magnolia acuminata (L.)L. - CUCUMBERTREE

Citation

Citation	MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 1082. 1759.
Basionym:	Magnolia virginiana Linnaeus, var. acuminata Linnaeus 1753.
Type:	SOUTH CAROLINA: Without data (lectotype: Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina 2: t. 15[excl. open flower]. 1747). Lectotypified by Dandy, Sloane Herb. 112. 1958.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Holmes	Lit	Lit: Clewell, Guide Vasc. Pl. Florida Panhandle 427. 1985.
Santa Rosa	FSU
Walton	FLAS

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Kobus acuminata	Kobus acuminata (Linnaeus) Nieuwland, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 297. 1914.	BASIONYM: Magnolia acuminata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus 1759; Magnolia virginiana Linnaeus, var. acuminata Linnaeus 1753.
Magnolia acuminata subsp. cordata	Magnolia acuminata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, subsp. cordata (Michaux) E. Murray, Kalmia 12: 26. 1982.	BASIONYM: Magnolia cordata Michaux 1803.
Magnolia acuminata var. cordata	Magnolia acuminata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, var. cordata (Michaux) Seringe, Fl. Jard. 3: 229. 1849, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Tulipastrum americanum Spach, var. subcordatum Spach 1839; Magnolia cordata Michaux 1803.
Magnolia acuminata var. subcordata	Magnolia acuminata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, var. subcordata (Spach) Dandy, in S. C. Tucker, Amer. J. Bot. 51: 1056. 1964.	BASIONYM: Tulipastrum americanum Spach, var. subcordatum Spach 1839; Magnolia cordata Michaux 1803.
Magnolia cordata	Magnolia cordata Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 328. 1803.		TYPE: "Carolinae superioris et Georgiae",
Magnolia virginiana var. acuminata	Magnolia virginiana Linnaeus, var. acuminata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 536. 1753.		TYPE: SOUTH CAROLINA: Without data (lectotype: Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina 2: t. 15[excl. open flower]. 1747). Lectotypified by Dandy, Sloane Herb. 112. 1958.
Tulipastrum acuminatum	Tulipastrum acuminatum (Linnaeus) Small, Fl. S.E. U.S. 451, 1331. 1903.	BASIONYM: Magnolia acuminata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus 1759; Magnolia virginiana Linnaeus, var. acuminata Linnaeus 1753.
Tulipastrum americanum	Tulipastrum americanum Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. 7: 483. 1839, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Magnolia acuminata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus 1759; Magnolia virginiana Linnaeus, var. acuminata Linnaeus 1753.
Tulipastrum americanum var. subcordatum	Tulipastrum americanum Spach, var. subcordatum Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. 7: 483. 1839.	BASIONYM: Magnolia cordata Michaux 1803.
Tulipastrum americanum var. vulgare	Tulipastrum americanum Spach, var. vulgare Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. 7: 483. 1839, nom. inadmiss.	BASIONYM: Tulipastrum americanum Spach 1839, nom. illegit.; Magnolia acuminata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus 1759; Magnolia virginiana Linnaeus, var. acuminata Linnaeus 1753.
Tulipastrum cordatum	Tulipastrum cordatum (Michaux) Small, Fl. S.E. U.S. 451, 1331. 1903.	BASIONYM: Magnolia cordata Michaux 1803.
Magnolia acuminata forma aurea	Magnolia acuminata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, forma aurea (Ashe) Hardin, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 70: 306. 1954.	BASIONYM: Tulipastrum acuminatum (Linnaeus) Small, var. aureum Ashe 1917.
Magnolia acuminata subsp. ozarkensis	Magnolia acuminata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, subsp. ozarkensis (Ashe) E. Murray, Kalmia 13: 9. 1983.	BASIONYM: Magnolia acuminata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, var. ozarkensis Ashe 1926.
Magnolia acuminata var. alabamensis	Magnolia acuminata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, var. alabamensis Ashe, Torreya 31: 37. 1931.		TYPE: ALABAMA:
Magnolia acuminata var. aurea	Magnolia acuminata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus. var. aurea (Ashe) Ashe, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 34: 137. 1918.	BASIONYM: Tulipastrum acuminatum (Linnaeus) Small, var. aureum Ashe 1917.
Magnolia acuminata var. ludoviciana	Magnolia acuminata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, var. ludoviciana Sargent, Bot. Gaz. 67: 232. 1919.		TYPE: LOUISIANA: West Feliciana Par.: Dessert Plantation near Catalpa, 12 Apr 1916, Cocks & Sargent s.n. (lectotype: A). Lectotypified by Hardin, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 70: 305. 1954.
Magnolia acuminata var. ozarkensis	Magnolia acuminata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, var. ozarkensis Ashe, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 41: 269. 1926.		TYPE: ARKANSAS: Johnson Co.: Piney Creek near Fort Douglas, 7 May 1924, Ashe 7 (lectotype: NY). Lectotypified by Hardin, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 70: 307. 1954.
Tulipastrum acuminatum var. aureum	Tulipastrum acuminatum (Linnaeus) Small, var. aureum Ashe, Bull. Charleston Mus. 13: 28. 1917.
Tulipastrum acuminatum var. flavum	Tulipastrum acuminatum (Linnaeus) Small, var. flavum Small, Man. S.E. Fl. 534. 1933.
Tulipastrum acuminatum var. ludovicianum	Tulipastrum acuminatum (Linnaeus) Small, var. ludovicianum (Sargent) Ashe, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 55: 464. 1928.	BASIONYM: Magnolia acuminata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, var. ludoviciana Sargent 1919.
Tulipastrum acuminatum var. ozarkensis	Tulipastrum acuminatum (Linnaeus) Small, var. ozarkense (Ashe) Ashe, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 55: 464. 1928.	BASIONYM: Magnolia acuminata (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, var. ozarkensis Ashe 1926.

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen	Notes
USA	Missouri	St. Louis Co.	06 Sep 1974	J. Slama 74	CULTIVATED.
USA	Missouri	St. Louis Co.	06 Sep 1974	J. Slama 74	CULTVIATED.
USA	Louisiana	Ouachita Par.	26 Aug 1983	D. D. Taylor 5188
USA	Alabama	Bibb Co.	13 May 1983	R. D. Whetstone 13414
USA	Mississippi	Franklin Co.	16 Aug 1955	J. D. Ray, Jr. 5638
USA	Mississippi	George Co.	25 Apr 1954	D. Demaree 34981
USA	Louisiana	Ouachita Par.	13 Aug 1968	R. D. Thomas 12050
USA	North Carolina	Alleghany Co.	30 May 1958	A. E. Radford 34207
USA	Georgia	Jones Co.	16 May 1953	W. H. Duncan 16012
USA	Arkansas	Cross Co.	02 Aug 1927	D. Demaree 3909
USA	North Carolina	Transylvania Co.	30 Jun 1965	M. G. Ford 337
USA	South Carolina	McCormick Co.	12 Jul 1963	C. Danley s.n.
USA	Arkansas	Polk Co.	08 May 1955	G. R. Cooley 4281	"Cucumber tree."
USA	Mississippi	Lawrence Co.	29 Jun 1956	J. D. Ray, Jr. 6644
USA	Mississippi	Lauderdale Co.	11 Jun 1957	J. D. Ray, Jr. 5280
USA	Mississippi	Forrest Co.	14 Apr 1956	J. D. Ray, Jr. 6041
USA	Mississippi	Wayne Co.	17 Jul 1956	J. D. Ray, Jr. 6997
USA	Mississippi	Tallahatchie Co.	14 Jul 1956	J. D. Ray, Jr. 6933a
USA	Arkansas	Polk Co.	08 May 1955	G. R. Cooley 4281	"Cucumber Tree."
USA	Arkansas	Polk Co.	08 May 1955	G. R. Cooley 4281	"Cucumber Tree."
USA	Mississippi	Lauderdale Co.	18 Mar 1955	G. R. Cooley 3161
USA	Mississippi	Tallahatchie Co.	13 Apr 1953	W. H. Duncan 15417
US	West Virginia	Pocahontas Co.	24 May 1952	R. B 289
USA	Pennsylvania	Butler Co.	16 Sep 1965	L. K. Henry s.n.
USA	Virginia	Montgomery Co.	11 Jun 1993	T. Bradley 25556
USA	Virginia	Smyth Co.	30 Jul 1892	J. K. Small s.n.
USA	Illinois	Alexander Co.	13 Aug 1999	S. R. Hill 31945
USA	West Virginia	Barbour Co.	25 Aug 1958	K. Nestor s.n.
USA	Massachusetts	Plymouth Co.	29 May 1932	C. H. Knowlton s.n.

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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Filter by County - Counties to Exclude - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will not be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will not be found within any of the selected counties.

Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

Web Development: USF Water Institute

A member of the University of South Florida family of PlantAtlas.org websites

Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

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