Acrostichum aureum

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	PTERIDACEAE
Species:	Acrostichum aureum L.
Common Name:	GOLDEN LEATHER FERN
Status:	Native, Threatened-State, OBL (DEP), OBL (NWPL)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	POLYPODIALES
Family	PTERIDACEAE
Genus	Acrostichum
Species	Acrostichum aureum L. - GOLDEN LEATHER FERN

Citation

Citation	ACROSTICHUM AUREUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1069. 1753.
Basionym:	**
Type:	MARTINIQUE: Front Royal, without data (lectotype: Plumier, Descr. Pl. Amér. pl. 7. 1693). Lectotypified by Lellinger, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 98: 366. 1985.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Broward	FSU
Charlotte	USF
Collier	USF
Hillsborough	USF
Lee	USF
Manatee	USF
Martin	USF
Miami-Dade	USF
Monroe Keys	NY
Monroe Mainland	USF
Palm Beach	USF
Sarasota	USF

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Chrysodium vulgare	Chrysodium vulgare Fée, Mém. Foug. 2: 97. 1845, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Acrostichum aureum Linnaeus 1753.
Acrostichum aureum var. inaequale	Acrostichum aureum Linnaeus, var. inaequale (Willdenow) T. Moore, Index Fil. 6. 1857.	BASIONYM: Acrostichum inaequale Willdenow 1810.
Acrostichum aureum var. marginatum	Acrostichum aureum Linnaeus, var. marginatum (Fée) T. Moore, Index Fil. 6. 1857.	BASIONYM: Chrysodium hirsutum Fée, var. marginatum Fée 1845; Acrostichum marginatum Schkuhr 1805, non Linnaeus 1753.
Acrostichum aureum var. scalpturatum	Acrostichum aureum Linnaeus, var. scalpturatum (Fée) T. Moore, Index Fil. 6. 1857.	BASIONYM: Chrysodium scalpturatum Fée 1845.
Acrostichum cayennense	Acrostichum cayennense (Fée) C. Presl, Epimel. Bot. 181. 1851 ("1849").	BASIONYM: Chrysodium cayennense Fée 1845.
Acrostichum formosum	Acrostichum formosum C. Presl, in J. Presl & C. Presl, Delic. Prag. 1: 160. 1822.		TYPE: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, s.d., Langsdorff s.n. (holotype: LE or PR).
Acrostichum guineense	Acrostichum guineense Gandoger, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66: 305. 1919, non Carriso 1901.		TYPE: PRINCIPE:
Acrostichum inaequale	Acrostichum inaequale Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 5(1): 117. 1810.		TYPE: INDIA:
Acrostichum juglandifolium	Acrostichum juglandifolium Kaulfuss, Enum. Filic. 65. 1824.	BASIONYM: Acrostichum marginatum Schkuhr 1805, non Linnaeus 1753.
Acrostichum marginatum	Acrostichum marginatum Schkuhr, 24. Kl. Linn. Pfl.-Syst. 185, t. 3b. 1804-1809, non Linnaeus 1753.		TYPE: GUYANA: Essequibo River, s.d., Meyer s.n. (holotype: HAL).
Acrostichum scalpturatum	Acrostichum scalpturatum (Fée) C. Presl, Epimel. Bot. 181. 1851 ("1849").	BASIONYM: Chrysodium scalpturatum Fée 1845.
Chrysodium cayennense	Chrysodium cayennense Fée, Mém. Foug. 2: 100, t. 59. 1845.		TYPE: FRENCH GUIANA: Without data, LePrieur 1837 (holotype: P).
Chrysodium hirsutum var. marginatum	Chrysodium hirsutum Fée, var. marginatum Fée, Mém. Foug. 2: 99. 1845.	BASIONYM: Acrostichum marginatum Schkuhr 1805, non Linnaeus 1753.
Chrysodium inaequale	Chrysodium inaequale (Willdenow) Fée, Mém. Foug. 2: 100. 1845.	BASIONYM: Acrostichum inaequale Willdenow 1810.
Chrysodium scalpturatum	Chrysodium scalpturatum Fée, Mém. Foug. 2: 100, t. 61. 1845.		TYPE: PANAMA/NEW IRELAND:

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen	Notes
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	04 Dec 1964	O. K. Lakela 27975
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	10 Oct 1962	G. R. Cooley 9143	Sheet 2 of 2.
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	10 Oct 1962	G. R. Cooley 9143	Sheet 1 of 2.
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	17 Sep 1981	R. P. Wunderlin 9390
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	27 Dec 1929	O. E. Jennings s.n.
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	09 Dec 1993	S. Cole CS0224
USA	Florida	Lee Co.	03 Feb 2006	J. M. Kunzer 1353
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	24 Oct 1980	R. P. Wunderlin 8820
USA	Florida	Sarasota Co.	17 Oct 2000	C. Becker MWSR0006
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	28 Jul 1979	C. E. Nauman 831
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	16 May 1969	H. Andorfer 27
USA	Florida	Charlotte Co.	18 Jun 1981	A.G. Shuey 2451
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	03 Mar 1975	A. G. Burdett s.n.
USA	Florida	Lee Co.	22 Jan 1974	J. Carlton s.n.
USA	Florida	Lee Co.	21 Jul 1981	A.G. Shuey 2495
USA	Florida	Manatee Co.	12 Jan 1982	A.G. Shuey 2532
USA	Florida	Manatee Co.	29 Aug 1983	A.G. Shuey 2578
USA	Florida	Manatee Co.	13 Sep 1981	A.G. Shuey 2509
USA	Florida	Lee Co.	16 Mar 2005	J. M. Kunzer 992	Sheet 1 of 3.
USA	Florida	Lee Co.	16 Mar 2005	J. M. Kunzer 992	Sheet 2 of 3.
USA	Florida	Lee Co.	16 Mar 2005	J. M. Kunzer 992	Sheet 3 of 3.
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	01 Dec 1991	R. Mears s.n.
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	27 Jun 1990	J. Weber CS0092
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	25 Jun 1966	R. W. Long 1858	Sheet 1 of 2.
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	25 Jun 1966	R. W. Long 1858	Sheet 2 of 2.
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	02 Mar 1938	W. M. Buswell s.n.
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	27 Aug 2002	A. Bishop DW0060
Cayman Islands	Grand Cayman Island		01 Jun 1963	W. R. Anderson 16
Cayman Islands	Grand Cayman Island		15 Dec 1971	N. Chevalier 232
Colombia	Buenaventura		15 Sep 1966	R. D. Suttkus 66-37-4	Sheet 1 of 2.
Colombia	Buenaventura		15 Sep 1966	R. D. Suttkus 66-37-4	Sheet 2 of 2.
Brazil	Amapá		06 Nov 1979	D. F. Austin 7333
Indonesia	Sumatra		20 Aug 1921	S. B. G. Birger 219401
USA	Florida	Charlotte Co.	11 Nov 2010	A. R. Franck 2493
USA	Florida	Charlotte Co.	09 Dec 2009	E. Gandy CH0061
USA	Florida	Charlotte Co.	11 Jun 2008	E. Gandy DP0030
USA	Florida	Charlotte Co.	22 Aug 2013	J. Manis DP0300
USA	Florida	Martin Co.	16 Aug 2016	D. G. Braun s.n.
USA	Florida	Palm Beach Co.	13 Oct 2017	R. Moyroud 241
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	01 Oct 2020	S. Dickman 1605	Sheet 1 of 2.
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	01 Oct 2020	S. Dickman 1605	Sheet 2 of 2.
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	11 Jan 2022	S. Dickman 1679	Sheet 3 of 3.
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	11 Jan 2022	S. Dickman 1679	Sheet 2 of 3.
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	11 Jan 2022	S. Dickman 1679	Sheet 1 of 3.
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	01 Oct 2020	S. Dickman 1606

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

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Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

Only plant populations vouchered by specimens deposited in Index Herbariorum http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ recognized herbaria are represented on this map.