Cynophalla flexuosa

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	CAPPARACEAE
Species:	Cynophalla flexuosa (L.)J.Presl
Common Name:	LIMBER CAPER; FALSETEETH; BAYLEAF CAPERTREE
Status:	Native, FACW (DEP), UPL (NWPL)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	BRASSICALES
Family	CAPPARACEAE
Genus	Cynophalla
Species	Cynophalla flexuosa (L.)J.Presl - LIMBER CAPER; FALSETEETH; BAYLEAF CAPERTREE

Citation

Citation	CYNOPHALLA FLEXUUOSA (Linnaeus) J. Presl, in Berchtold & J. Presl, Prir. Rostlin 2: 755. 1825
Basionym:	Morisonia flexuosa Linnaeus 1759.
Type:	JAMAICA: Without data, Browne s.n. (lectotype: LINN 664.10). Lectotypified by Fawcett & Rendle, Fl. Jamaica 3: 234. 1914.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Brevard	USF
Collier	USF
Indian River	USF
Martin	USF
Miami-Dade	FLAS
Monroe Keys	USF
Monroe Mainland	USF
Palm Beach	USF
St. Lucie	USF
Volusia	FLAS

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Capparis flexuosa	Capparis flexuosa (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 722. 1762.	BASIONYM: Morisonia flexuosa Linnaeus 1759.
Morisonia flexuosa	Morisonia flexuosa Linnaeus, Pl. Jamaic. Pug. 14. 1759.		TYPE: JAMAICA: Without data, Browne s.n. (lectotype: LINN 664.10). Lectotypified by Fawcett & Rendle, Fl. Jamaica 3: 234. 1914.
Capparis cynophallophora forma angustifolia	Capparis cynophallophora Linnaeus, forma angustifolia Eichler, in Martius, Fl. Bras. 13(1): 283. 1865.
Capparis cynophallophora forma microphylla	Capparis cynophallophora Linnaeus, forma microphylla Eichler, in Martius, Fl. Bras. 13(1): 283. 1865.
Capparis cynophallophora var. biflora	Capparis cynophallophora Linnaeus, var. biflora Bello, Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 10: 237. 1881.
Capparis cynophallophora var. elliptica	Capparis cynophallophora Linnaeus, var. elliptica Bello, Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 10: 237. 1881.
Capparis cynophallophora var. latifolia	Capparis cynophallophora Linnaeus, var. latifolia Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W.I. 18. 1859.
Capparis cynophallophora var. longifolia	Capparis cynophallophora Linnaeus, var. longifolia Bello, Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. nat. 10: 237. 1881.
Capparis cynophallophora var. mollis	Capparis cynophallophora Linnaeus, var. mollis Bello, Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 10: 237. 1881.
Capparis cynophallophora var. saligna	Capparis cynophallophora Linnaeus, var. saligna (Vahl) Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W.I. 18. 1859.	BASIONYM: Capparis saligna Vahl 1794.
Capparis cynophallophora var. triflora	Capparis cynophallophora Linnaeus, var. triflora Bello, Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 10: 237. 1881.
Capparis eustachiana	Capparis eustachiana Jacquin, Enum. Syst. Pl. 23. 1760.		TYPE: ST. EUSTATIUS: Without data, Jacquin s.n. (holotype: W?).
Capparis flexuosa var, saligna	Capparis flexuosa (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, var. saligna (Vahl) Fawcett & Rendle, Fl. Jamaic 3: 234. 1914.	BASIONYM: Capparis saligna Vahl 1794.
Capparis saligna	Capparis saligna Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 66. 1794.		TYPE: VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. Croix, s.d., West s.n. (holotype: C).
Cynophalla saligna	Cynophalla saligna (Vahl) J. Presl, in Berchtold & J. Presl, Prir. Rostlin 2: 755. 1825.	BASIONYM: Capparis saligna Vahl 1794.
Uterveria eustachiana	Uterveria eustachiana (Jacquin) Bertoloni, Novi Comment. Acad. Sci. Inst. Bononiensis 4: 17. 1840.	BASIONYM: Capparis eustachiana Jacquin 1760.

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	03 Sep 1954	R. F. Thorne 15214
USA	Florida	Martin and Palm Beach Co's	Jul 27-29, 1956	G. R. Cooley 4801
USA	Florida	Palm Beach Co.	27 Jul 1956	G. R. Cooley 4801a
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	29 Dec 1975	R. A. Hilsenbeck 532
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	Apr 11-20, 1963	W. L. Stern 3024
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	02 Mar 1981	W. C. Brumbach 9673
USA	Florida	Brevard Co.	14 Jun 2002	C. Crawford 15
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	01 Feb 1999	R. A. Hattaway FS0268
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	17 Jul 1971	C. P. Sreemadhavan 5102
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	07 Aug 1966	R. W. Long 2228
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	27 Nov 1982	R. P. Sauleda 7986
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	04 Jun 1967	R. W. Long 2674
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	19 Jun 1979	W. C. Brumbach 9500
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	26 Jun 1971	C. P. Sreemadhavan 4911
USA	Florida	Brevard Co.	22 May 1965	O. K. Lakela 28684
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	05 May 1989	C. vanHoek 185
USA	Florida	St. Lucie Co.	26 Sep 1985	R. P. Wunderlin 10171
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	21 Jun 1977	J. Carlton s.n.
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	08 May 1965	O. K. Lakela 28620
USA	Florida	Indian River Co.	26 Nov 1978	R. P. Wunderlin 6474
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	20 Aug 1965	O. K. Lakela 29099
USA	Florida	Brevard Co.	23 Feb 1975	D. P. Cole 136
USA	Florida	Brevard Co.	17 Oct 1964	O. K. Lakela 27655
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	12 Nov 1964	O. K. Lakela 27859
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	19 Oct 1986	L. P. Southerland s.n.
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	06 May 1990	J. Weber CS0170
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	12 Jun 1969	M. Meagher 92a
USA	Florida	Brevard Co.	11 Sep 2014	P. A. Schmalzer 14-37
Jamaica	Cornwall Co.	St. Elizabeth Par.	Jun 1847	J. Wolle s.n.
Cayman Islands	Grand Cayman Island		20 Dec 1971	N. Chevalier 298
Puerto Rico		Isla Vieques Mun.	26 Nov 1981	B. F. Hansen 9448
Puerto Rico		Humacao Mun.	01 Dec 1981	B. F. Hansen 9562
Dominican Republic	La Romana Prov.		19 Aug 1982	R. P. Sauleda 7440
U.S. Virgin Islands	St. John Island		25 Aug 1994	J. E. Poppleton s.n.
Puerto Rico		Guánica Mun.	28 Mar 1971	D. Burch 3477
Dominican Republic	Azua Prov.		25 Apr 1985	R. P. Sauleda 8895
St. Maarten			27 Sep 1982	R. P. Sauleda 7737
U.S. Virgin Islands	St. Croix Island		25 Sep 1982	R. P. Sauleda 7726
U.S. Virgin Islands	Water Island		29 Sep 1982	R. P. Sauleda 7776
	Mosquito Island		06 Jun 1977	W. I. Illman 21099
St. Kitts & Nevis	St. Kitts		28 Sep 1982	R. P. Sauleda 7761
Ecuador	Manabi Prov.		06 Aug 1980	R. P. Sauleda 4023

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

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Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

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