Phleum pratense

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	POACEAE
Species:	Phleum pratense L.
Common Name:	TIMOTHY
Status:	Not Native, FACU (NWPL)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	POALES
Family	POACEAE
Genus	Phleum
Species	Phleum pratense L. - TIMOTHY

Citation

Citation	PHLEUM PRATENSE Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 59. 1753.
Basionym:	**
Type:	Without data, Herb. Linnaeus 26 (lectotype: Inst. France). Lectotypified by Humphries, in C. E. Jarvis et al., Regnum Veg. 127: 75. 1993.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Miami-Dade	NY

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Phleum nodosum var. pratense	Phleum nodosum Linnaeus, var. pratense (Linnaeus) Saint-Amans, Fl. Agen. 23. 1821.	BASIONYM: Phleum pratense Linnaeus 1753.
Phleum pratense forma vulgare	Phleum pratense Linnaeus, forma vulgare Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 345. 1866, nom. inadmiss.	BASIONYM: Phleum pratense Linnaeus 1753.
Phleum pratense subsp. vulgare	Phleum pratense Linnaeus, subsp. vulgare Ascherson & Graebner, Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 141. 1898, nom. inadmiss.	BASIONYM: Phleum pratense Linnaeus 1753.
Phleum pratense var. typicum	Phleum pratense Linnaeus, var. typicum Celakovsky, Prodr. Fl. Boehmen 38. 1867, nom. inadmiss.	BASIONYM: Phleum pratense Linnaeus 1753.
Plantinia pratensis	Plantinia pratensis (Linnaeus) Bubani, Fl. Pyren. 4: 270. 1901.	BASIONYM: Phleum pratense Linnaeus 1753.
Stelephuros pratensis	Stelephuros pratensis (Linnaeus) Lunell, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 216. 1915.	BASIONYM: Phleum pratense Linnaeus 1753.
Phleum abbreviatum	Phleum abbreviatum (Boissier) Rivas Martinez, Rivasgodaya 6: 50. 1991.	BASIONYM: Phleum pratense Linnaeus, var. abbreviatum Boissier 1842.
Phleum bertolonii	Phleum bertolonii de Candolle, Cat. Pl. Horti Monsp. 132. 1813.		TYPE: ITALY:
Phleum fallax	Phleum fallax Janka, Math. Termeszettud. Közlem. 12: 168. 1876.		TYPE: RUMANIA:
Phleum nodosum	Phleum nodosum Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 871. 1759.		TYPE: Without data (lectotype: LINN 81.2). Lectotypified by Dogan, in Cafferty et al., Taxon 49: 254. 2000.
Phleum pratense forma bertolonii	Phleum pratense Linnaeus, forma bertolonii (de Candolle) Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 345. 1866.	BASIONYM: Phleum bertolonii de Candolle 1813.
Phleum pratense subsp. abbreviatum	Phleum pratense Linnaeus, subsp. abbreviatum (Boissier) Molero Mesa & Pérez Raya, Fl. Sierra Nevada 350. 1987.	BASIONYM: Phleum pratense Linnaeus, var. abbreviatum Boissier 1842.
Phleum pratense subsp. bertolonii	Phleum pratense Linnaeus, subsp. bertolonii (de Candolle) Bornmuller, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 61: 157. 1928.	BASIONYM: Phleum bertolonii de Candolle 1813.
Phleum pratense subsp. nodosum	Phleum pratense Linnaeus, subsp. nodosum (Linnaeus) Arcangeli, Comp. Fl. Ital. 757. 1882.	BASIONYM: Phleum nodosum Linnaeus 1759.
Phleum pratense var. abbreviatum	Phleum pratense Linnaeus, var. abbreviatum Boissier, Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 633. 1842.
Phleum pratense var. bertolonii	Phleum pratense Linnaeus, var. bertolonii (de Candolle) Woods, Tourist's Fl. 398. 1850.	BASIONYM: Phleum bertolonii de Candolle 1813.
Phleum pratense var. fallax	Phleum pratense Linnaeus, var. fallax (Janka) K. Richter, Pl. Eur. 1: 36. 1890.	BASIONYM: Phleum fallax Janka 1876.
Phleum pratense var. nodosum	Phleum pratense Linnaeus, var. nodosum (Linnaeus) Hudson, Fl. Angl., ed. 2. 26. 1778.	BASIONYM: Phleum nodosum Linnaeus 1759.
Phleum pratense var. stoloniferum	Phleum pratense Linnaeus, var. stoloniferum (Host) Neilreich, Fl. Nieder-Österreich 38. 1857.	BASIONYM: Phleum stoloniferum Host 1827.
Phleum stoloniferum	Phleum stoloniferum Host, Fl. Austriac. 1: 80. 1827.		TYPE: AUSTRIA:

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen	Notes
USA	North Carolina	Macon Co.	14 Jul 1989	S. R. Hill 20763
USA	North Carolina	Yancey Co.	12 Sep 1980	R. P. Sauleda 4441
USA	North Carolina	Person Co.	02 Jun 1958	C. R. Bell 12229
USA	Tennessee	Knox Co.	24 Jul 1948	M. H. Berry s.n.
USA	Minnesota	Clearwater Co.	27 Jun 1975	G. B. Ownbey 4935
USA	Virginia	Clarke Co.	19 Jun 1976	T. Bradley 10767
USA	Minnesota	Itasca Co.	05 Jun 1977	G. A. Wheeler 1610
USA	Tennessee	Cocke Co.	11 Aug 1977	P. Genelle 3055
USA	Illinois	Stephenson Co.	13 Jun 1960	G. R. Swank 835
USA	Ohio	Preble Co.	18 Jul 1961	M. Hinds 228
USA	Missouri	DeKalb Co.	18 Jun 1968	N. C. Henderson 68-342
USA	Iowa	Sioux Co.	24 Jun 1956	J. L. Carter 748
USA	Iowa	Cherokee Co.	17 Aug 1956	J. L. Carter 1808
USA	Nevada	Humboldt Co.	08 Jul 1964	N. H. Holmgren 1344
USA	Pennsylvania	Cumberland Co.	03 Aug 1976	C. A. Aulbach-Smith 664
USA	Indiana	Jay Co.	16 Jul 2011	A. R. Franck 2660
USA	Colorado	Montrose Co.	16 Jul 1999	C. vanHoek 1335
USA	Pennsylvania	Clearfield Co.	21 Aug 1981	R. P. Sauleda 6026
USA	Virginia	Rappahannock Co.	09 Sep 1980	R. P. Sauleda 4318
USA	Kentucky	Madison Co.	19 Jul 1982	D. D. Taylor 1949
USA	Wyoming	Crook Co.	29 Aug 1981	R. P. Sauleda 6241
USA	California	Tuolumne Co.	24 Jun 1968	I. L. Wiggins 21017
USA	West Virginia	Pocahontas Co.	18 Aug 1981	R. P. Sauleda 5932
USA	Kansas	Atchison Co.	02 Jul 1966	L. E. Lindstrom 765
USA	Wisconsin	Sauk Co.	26 Aug 1981	R. P. Sauleda 6118
USA	Colorado	Gunnison Co.	20 Jul 1960	F. S. Crosswhite s.n.
USA	West Virginia	Summers Co.	15 Jun 1961	W. W. Boone 1179
USA	West Virginia	Upshur Co.	28 Jun 1955	G. B. Rossbach s.n.
USA	Kentucky	Pendleton Co.	25 Jun 1961	E. M. Browne 4279
USA	District of Columbia		29 Jun 1918	K. D. Kimball 440
USA	New Jersey	Morris Co.	Aug 1924	G. H. H. Tate 10447
USA	Connecticut	Hartford Co.	24 Jun 1894	F. W. Starmer s.n.
USA	New York		27 Jun 1903	P. Dowell 2276
USA	Virginia	Patrick Co.	27 Sep 1960	R. Kral 11723
USA	Arizona	Graham Co.	19 Aug 1935	Moeller 345
USA	Pennsylvania	Berks Co.	04 Jul 1968	W. C. Brumbach 6325	CULTIVATED.

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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All - An All search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will not be found within any of the selected counties.

Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

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Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

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