Duranta erecta

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Family:	VERBENACEAE
Species:	Duranta erecta L.
Common Name:	GOLDEN DEWDROPS
Plant Notes:	Hiern (1877) was apparently the one to establish Duranta erecta as the accepted name and D. repens as its subsumed synonym (see Munir 1995). Sanders (2001) mentioned the possibility of it being native to south Florida and also as an escape from early cultivation. Others have treated it as native (e.g. Arnold 1937), possibly partly based on a J.K. Small specimen labeled as from a hammock in Miami-Dade Co. in 1915 (FLAS). Among early collections, there is a cultivated specimen from Columbia Co. in 1904 (FLAS). Substantiative evidence of historic or extant native populations is wanting. Sanders (2001) stated it was naturalized in Texas and California.
Status:	Not Native
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	LAMIALES
Family	VERBENACEAE
Genus	Duranta
Species	Duranta erecta L. - GOLDEN DEWDROPS

Citation

Citation	DURANTA ERECTA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 637. 1753.
Basionym:	**
Type:	Without data (lectotype: Plumier, Pl. Amer. t. 79. 1756). Lectotypified by Caro, Revista Argent. Agron. 23: 6. 1956.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Brevard	USF
Escambia	FSU
Hillsborough	USF
Lee	FLAS
Miami-Dade	USF
Monroe Keys	GH

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Duranta erecta var. alba	Duranta erecta Linnaeus, var. alba (Masters) Caro, Revista Argent. Agron. 23: 11. 1956.	BASIONYM: Duranta plumieri Jacquin, var. alba Masters 1888.
Duranta latifolia	Duranta latifolia Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 108. 1796, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Duranta erecta Linnaeus 1753.
Duranta plumieri	Duranta plumieri Jacquin, Enum. Syst. Pl. 26. 1760, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Duranta erecta Linnaeus 1753.
Duranta plumieri	Duranta plumieri Miller, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. 1768, nom. illegit. et non Jacquin 1760.	BASIONYM: Duranta repens Linnaeus 1753.
Duranta plumieri var. alba	Duranta plumieri Jacquin, var. alba Masters, Gard. Chron., ser. 3. 3: 44, f. 9. 1888.		TYPE: INDIA:
Duranta repens	Duranta repens Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 637. 1753.		TYPE: HAITI: Without data (lectotype: LINN 806.2). Lectotypified by Moldenke & A. Moldenke, in Dassanayake & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 4: 278. 1983.
Duranta repens var. alba	Duranta repens Linnaeus, var. alba (Masters) L. H. Bailey, in L. H. Bailey & E. Z. Bailey, Hortus 225. 1930.	BASIONYM: Duranta plumieri Jacquin, var. alba Masters 1888.
Duranta angustifolia	Duranta angustifolia Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 108. 1796, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Ellisia acuta Linnaeus 1759.
Duranta dentata	Duranta dentata Persoon, Syn. Pl. 2: 142. 1806.
Duranta ellisia	Duranta ellisia Jacquin, Enum. Syst. Pl. 26. 1760, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Ellisia acuta Linnaeus 1759.
Duranta erecta var. grandiflora	Duranta erecta Linnaeus, var. grandiflora (Moldenke) Caro, Revista Argent. Agron. 23: 10. 1956.	BASIONYM: Duranta repens Linnaeus, var. grandiflora Moldenke 1941.
Duranta integrifolia	Duranta integrifolia Todaro, Nuov. Gen. Sp. 27. 1860.
Duranta microphylla	Duranta microphylla Desfontaines, Tabl. Ecole Bot., ed. 3. 392. 1829.
Duranta parviflora	Duranta parviflora Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 36(2): 210. 1863.		TYPE: CUBA: Santiago de Cuba: Near Satadero [Saltadero], s.d., Linden 1733 (holotype: KW; isotype: GENT).
Duranta peruviana var. longipedicellata	Duranta peruviana Moldenke, var. longipedicellata Moldenke, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 68: 502. 1941.		TYPE: PERU: Cuzco: Machu Pichu, valley of the Urubamba, Oct 1931, Herrera 3209 (holotype: F).
Duranta plumieri var. ellisia	Duranta plumieri Jacquin, var. ellisia Woodrow, Gard. Index 420. 1889.	BASIONYM: Duranta ellisia Jacquin 1760, nom. illegit.; Ellisia acuta Linnaeus 1759.
Duranta plumieri var. glabra	Duranta plumieri Jacquin, var. glabra Hieronymus ex Niederlein, Bol. Mens. Prod. Argent. 3(31): 322. 1890.
Duranta racemosa	Duranta racemosa Miller, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. 1768.
Duranta repens forma canescens	Duranta repens Linnaeus, forma canescens (Moldenke) Moldenke, Phytologia 44: 328. 1979.	BASIONYM: Duranta repens Linnaeus, var. canescens Moldenke 1940.
Duranta repens forma grandiflora	Duranta repens Linnaeus, forma grandiflora (Moldenke) Moldenke, Phytologia 44: 328. 1979.	BASIONYM: Duranta repens Linnaeus, var. grandiflora Moldenke 1941.
Duranta repens forma integrifolia	Duranta repens Linnaeus, forma integrifolia (Todaro) Moldenke, Phytologia 44: 328. 1979.	BASIONYM: Duranta integrifolia Todaro 1860.
Duranta repens forma microphylla	Duranta repens Linnaeus, forma microphylla (Desfontaines) Moldenke, Phytologia 44: 328. 1979.	BASIONYM: Duranta microphylla Desfontaines 1829.
Duranta repens forma serrata	Duranta repens Linnaeus, forma serrata (Moldenke) Moldenke, Phytologia 44: 328. 1979.	BASIONYM: Duranta repens Linnaeus, var. serrata Moldenke 1959.
Duranta repens forma variegata	Duranta repens Linnaeus, forma variegata (L. H. Bailey) Moldenke, Phytologia 44: 328. 1979.	BASIONYM: Duranta repens Linnaeus, var. variegata L. H. Bailey 1924.
Duranta repens var. canescens	Duranta repens Linnaeus, var. canescens Moldenke, Phytologia 1: 436. 1940.		TYPE: COLOMBIA: Santander Sur: N slope of Mesa de Los Santos, 11-15 Dec 1926, Killip & Smith 14990 (holotype: F).
Duranta repens var. grandiflora	Duranta repens Linnaeus, var. grandiflora Moldenke, Phytologia 2: 17. 1941.
Duranta repens var. lopez-palacii	Duranta repens Linnaeus, var. lopez-palacii Moldenke, Phytologia 26: 177. 1973.		TYPE: VENEZUELA: Merida: Vicinity of San Antonio, ca. 5 km below El Portachuela (El Ramal), 28 May 1971, Ruiz-Teran & Lopez-Palacios 1923 (holotype: NY).
Duranta repens var. microphylla	Duranta repens Linnaeus, var. microphylla (Desfontaines) Moldenke, Phytologia 1: 483. 1941.	BASIONYM: Duranta microphylla Desfontaines 1829.
Duranta repens var. serrata	Duranta repens Linnaeus, var. serrata Moldenke, Phytologia 7: 81. 1959.		TYPE: ARGENTINA: Tucuman: Capital Dept.: Parque Centenario, s.d., Venturi 9059 (holotype: NY; isotype: US).
Duranta repens var. variegata	Duranta repens Linnaeus, var. variegata L. H. Bailey, Man. Cult. Pl. 632. 1924.
Duranta rostrata	Duranta rostrata Wehmer, Pfl.-Stoffe, ed. 2. 1023. 1931.
Duranta turbinata	Duranta turbinata Todaro, Nuov. Gen. Sp. 28. 1860.
Duranta xalapensis	Duranta xalapensis Kunth, in Humboldt et al., Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 255. 1818.		TYPE: MEXICO: Veracruz: Xalapa,
Ellisia acuta	Ellisia acuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1121. 1759.		TYPE: JAMAICA: Without data (lectotype: P. Browne, Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica t. 29(1). 1756). Lectotypified by Dorr & Wiersema, Taxon 59: 1153. 2010.

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen	Notes
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	13 Aug 1963	O. K. Lakela 26184
USA	Florida	Brevard Co.	19 Nov 2009	P. A. Schmalzer 09-45
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	14 Dec 2005	S. Dickman s.n.
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	01 Jul 1965	O. K. Lakela 28780
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	09 Apr 1979	G. N. Avery 2093
USA	Florida	Hernando Co.	01 May 2015	C. vanHoek 2885	CULTIVATED.
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	Jul 1970	D. Burch 3970	CULTIVATED.
USA	Florida	Seminole Co.	30 Oct 1964	P. O. Schallert 16199	CULTIVATED. Native of Brazil.
USA	Florida	Sarasota Co.	02 Jul 1970	D. Burch 3636	CULTIVATED.
USA	Florida	Pasco Co.	04 Aug 1970	D. Burch 3637	CULTIVATED.
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	09 Jun 1965	D. Laker s.n.	CULTIVATED.
USA	Florida	Manatee Co.	06 Aug 1970	D. Burch 3675	CULTIVATED.
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	14 Jul 1970	D. Burch 3676	CULTIVATED.
USA	Florida	Lee Co.	23 Jan 1967	G. R. Cooley 11886	CULTIVATED.
USA	Florida	Polk Co.	01 May 1967	G. R. Cooley 11802	CULTIVATED.
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	02 Sep 1971	O. K. Lakela s.n.	CULTIVATED. A specimen from off campus tree was submitted for identification by the Grounds Department.
USA	Florida	Polk Co.	Sep 1973	V. W. Yingst s.n.	CULTIVATED.
Bahamas	Abaco Island	Central Abaco Distr.	14 Dec 1979	R. P. Wunderlin 8255
Bahamas	Abaco Island	Central Abaco Distr.	10 Apr 1979	R. P. Sauleda 2211
Bahamas	Eleuthera Island	North Eleuthera Distr.	29 Dec 1969	W. H. Lewis 7506
Jamaica	Surrey Co.	St. Andrew Par.	19 Jun 1963	M. R. Crosby 235
Jamaica	Surrey Co.	St. Thomas Par.	20 Mar 1974	D. Burch 7153
Cayman Islands	Grand Cayman Island	George Town Distr.	21 Aug 1971	N. Chevalier 158
Jamaica	Cornwall Co.	St. Elizabeth Par.	May 1847	J. Wolle s.n.
Bahamas	Eleuthera Island	North Eleuthera Distr.	15 Dec 1979	R. P. Wunderlin 8436
Bahamas	New Providence Island		07 Sep 1983	R. P. Sauleda 8396
Bahamas	New Providence Island		14 Jun 1965	R. W. Long s.n.
Jamaica	Cornwall Co.	St. Elizabeth Par.	Mar 1847	J. Wolle s.n.
Jamaica	Surrey Co.	St. Andrew Par.	20 Jul 1952	G. R. Cooley 1911
Jamaica	Cornwall Co.	St. Elizabeth Par.	Aug 1847	J. Wolle s.n.
Jamaica	Cornwall Co.	St. Elizabeth Par.	Jan 1847	J. Wolle s.n.
Jamaica	Cornwall Co.	St. Elizabeth Par.	Jan 1847	J. Wolle s.n.
Mexico	Veracruz		26 Mar 1970	R. W. Long 3273

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

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Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
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Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

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Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
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State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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Associated Ecological Communities

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Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

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