Pityrogramma calomelanos

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	PTERIDACEAE
Species:	Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.)Link ex Britton & Millsp.
Common Name:	SILVERBACK FERN
Status:	Not Native, UPL (NWPL)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	POLYPODIALES
Family	PTERIDACEAE
Genus	Pityrogramma
Species	Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.)Link ex Britton & Millsp. - SILVERBACK FERN

Citation

Citation	PITYROGRAMMA CALOMELANOS (Linnaeus) Link ex Britton & Millspaugh, Bahama Fl. 469. 1920.
Basionym:	Acrostichum calomelanos Linnaeus 1753.
Type:	Without data (lectotype: LINN 1245.19). Lectotypified by R. M. Tryon, Contr. Gray Herb. 189: 60. 1962.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Hillsborough	USF
Manatee	USF
Polk	USF

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Acrostichum calomelanos	Acrostichum calomelanos Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1072. 1753.		TYPE: Without data (lectotype: LINN 1245.19). Lectotypified by R. M. Tryon, Contr. Gray Herb. 189: 60. 1962.
Ceropteris calomelaena	Ceropteris calomelaena Link, Fil. Spec. 141. 1841, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Acrostichum calomelanos Linnaeus 1753.
Ceropteris calomelanos	Ceropteris calomelanos (Linnaeus) Underwood, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 29: 632. 1902.	BASIONYM: Acrostichum calomelanos Linnaeus 1753.
Gymnogramma calomelanos	Gymnogramma calomelanos (Linnaeus) Kaulfuss, Enum. Filic. 76. 1824.	BASIONYM: Acrostichum calomelanos Linnaeus 1753.
Gymnogramma calomelas	Gymnogramma calomelas Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 52. 1833, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Acrostichum calomelanos Linnaeus 1753.
Nesoris bicolor	Nesoris bicolor Rafinesque, New Fl. 4: 104. 1838.		TYPE: FLORIDA:
Neurogramma calomelanos	Neurogramma calomelanos (Linnaeus) Diels, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 1(4): 264. 1899.	BASIONYM: Acrostichum calomelanos Linnaeus 1753.
Pityrogramma calomelas	Pityrogramma calomelas Link, Handbuch 3: 20. 1833, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Acrostichum calomelanos Linnaeus 1753.
Acrostichum album	Acrostichum album Vellozo, Fl. Flumin., Icon. 11: t. 91. 1831 ("1827").		TYPE: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Around Rio de Janeiro, s.d. (holotype: Vellozo, Fl. Flumin. 11: t. 91. 1831 ("1827")).
Ceropteris calomelanos var. gracilis	Ceropteris calomelanos (Linnaeus) Underwood, var. gracilis Hieronymus, Hedwigia 48: 222. 1909.		TYPE: COLOMBIA: Huila: Near Coetando on road between La Plata and Mt. Huila, s.d., Stuebel 1271 (holotype: B).
Ceropteris serrata	Ceropteris serrata Fée, Mém. Foug. 8: 81. 1857.		TYPE: MEXICO: Veracruz: Orizaba, s.d., Schaffner 162 (holotype: P?).
Gymnogramma bidentata	Gymnogramma bidentata C. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1: 18, t. 2(3). 1825.		TYPE: PANAMA:
Gymnogramma calomelanos var. denudata	Gymnogramma calomelanos (Linnaeus) Kaulfuss, var. denudata Harrington, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 37. 1877.		TYPE: PERU: Loreto: Pebas, s.d., Steere s.n. (holotype: MICH; isotype: K).
Gymnogramma distans	Gymnogramma distans Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 53. 1833.		TYPE: BRAZIL:
Pityrogramma calomelanos forma major	Pityrogramma calomelanos (Linnaeus) Link, forma major Domin, Rozpr. Ceské Akad. Ved. Tr. 2, Vedy Mat. Prír. 51(18): 11. 1941.		TYPE: BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: Antahuacana, s.d., Buchtien 2182 (holotype: US).
Pityrogramma calomelanos var. ochrophylla	Pityrogramma calomelanos (Linnaeus) Link, var. ochrophylla Domin, Rozpr. Ceské Akad. Ved. Tr. 2, Vedy Mat. Prír. 51(18): 12. 1941.		TYPE: CUBA:
Pityrogramma calomelanos var. subintegra	Pityrogramma calomelanos (Linnaeus) Link, var. subintegra Domin, Rozpr. Ceské Akad. Ved. Tr. 2, Vedy Mat. Prír. 51(18): 11. 1941.		TYPE: BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: Antahuacana, s.d., Buchtien 2181 (holotype: US).
Pityrogramma calomelanos var. venezuelae	Pityrogramma calomelanos (Linnaeus) Link, var. venezuelae Domin, Rozpr. Ceské Akad. Ved. Tr. 2, Vedy Mat. Prír. 51(18): 12. 1941.		TYPE: VENEZUELA: Aragua: Colonia Tovar, s.d., Fendler 298 (holotype: K; isotype: US).
Pityrogramma chamaesorbus	Pityrogramma chamaesorbus Domin, Spisy Prír. Fak. Karlovy Univ. 88: 6. 1928.		TYPE: GUYANA: Without data, Schomburgk 309 (holotype: K).
Pityrogramma distans	Pityrogramma distans (Link) Domin, Rozpr. Ceské Akad. Ved, Tr. 2, Vedy Mat. Prír. 38(4): 49. 1929.	BASIONYM: Gymnogramma distans Link 1833.
Pityrogramma insularis	Pityrogramma insularis Domin, Spisy Prír. Fak. Karlovy Univ. 88: 6. 1928.
Pityrogramma martinicensis	Pityrogramma martinicensis Domin, Vestn. Král. Ceské Spolecn. Nauk, Tr. Mat.-Prír. 1941(15): 1. 1942.		TYPE: MARTINIQUE: Without data, Duss 1509 (holotype: US).

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen	Notes
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	13 Oct 1981	R. Lassiter 569
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	26 Sep 1978	A. Burdett, Jr. s.n.
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	09 Oct 1975	A.G. Shuey s.n.
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	19 Jul 1953	R. Garrett s.n.
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	03 Mar 1976	A.G. Shuey 1608
USA	Florida	Polk Co.	11 Feb 1938	E. P. Saint John 1687
USA	Florida	Manatee Co.	03 Jan 1992	J. Weber LM0028
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	03 Dec 1981	A.G. Shuey 2527
Puerto Rico			19 Nov 1981	B. F. Hansen 9153
Dominican Republic			15 Jan 1981	M. Mejía 10307
Montserrat			20 Jan 1907	J. A. Shafer 49
Jamaica	Cornwall Co.	St. Elizabeth Par.	May 1847	J. Wolle s.n.
Jamaica	Surrey Co.	St. Andrew Par.	19 Jun 1963	M. R. Crosby 227
Dominican Republic			02 Dec 1980	M. Mejía 9670
Trinidad & Tobago	Trinidad		10 Jul 1987	C. E. Nauman 1861
Barbados		St. Andrew Par.	19 Feb 1965	G. R. Proctor 25845
Montserrat			20 Jan 1904	J. A. Shafer 49	Sheet 2.
Dominica		St. Paul Par.	17 Apr 1962	G. R. Cooley 8769
Barbados		St. Andrew Par.	15 Apr 1962	G. R. Cooley 8670
Jamaica	Surrey Co.	Portland Par.	Apr 1967	R. E. Vagner 226
St. Kitts & Nevis	St. Kitts		1842	J. Wolle s.n.	B. Rischer.
Dominica		St. Paul Par.	28 Sep 1971	R. W. Long 3372
St. Vincent & the Grenadines	St. Vincent	St. Patrick Par.	16 Jan 1962	G. R. Cooley 8164
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	02 May 2016	S. Dickman s.n.
Colombia	Santa Marta Dept.		1898	Herbert H. Smith 2219
Honduras	Copán Dept.		08 May 1970	F. A. Barkley 40302
Honduras	Olancho Dept.		04 May 1985	S. Solabarrieta 166
Mexico	Oaxaca		05 Mar 1995	Maximo 95-3-31
Guatemala	Escuintla Dept.		05 Aug 1975	Ellis 1153
Ecuador	Los Ríos Prov.		31 Jan 1980	J. B. Watson 199
Ecuador	Los Ríos Prov.		02 Feb 1980	J. B. Watson 234
Costa Rica	Alajuela Prov.		20 Jun 1993	R. Rivero 2313
Mexico	Veracruz		02 Jul 1983	G. Robinson 575
Mexico	Veracruz	Soteapan Mun.	05 Jul 1980	M. Nee 18772
Mexico	Oaxaca	Comaltepec Mun.	Apr 1999	Maximo 99-5-24
Brazil	Amapá		22 Oct 1979	D. F. Austin 7170
Honduras	Comayagua Dept.		25 Feb 1985	H. J. Ramos 124
Honduras	Gracias a Dios Dept.		01 Feb 1984	H. Lainez 122
Honduras	Gracias a Dios Dept.		01 Feb 1984	A. R. Andino 136
Belize	Stann Creek Distr.		15 Jul 1970	R. W. Long 3293
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	30 Oct 2012	S. Dickman 610

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
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State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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Filter by County - Counties to Exclude - ANY versus ALL

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Associated Ecological Communities

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For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

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Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

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