Cenchrus polystachios

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Family:	POACEAE
Species:	Cenchrus polystachios (L.)Morrone
Common Name:	WEST INDIAN PENNISETUM; MISSIONGRASS
Status:	Not Native, FISC(II)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	POALES
Family	POACEAE
Genus	Cenchrus
Species	Cenchrus polystachios (L.)Morrone - WEST INDIAN PENNISETUM; MISSIONGRASS

Citation

Citation	CENCHRUS POLYSTACHIOS (Linnaeus) Morrone, in Chemisquy et al., Ann. Bot. 106: 129. 2010.
Basionym:	Panicum polystachion Linnaeus 1759.
Type:	INDIA: Without data (lectotype: LINN 80.4). Lectotypified by van der Zon, Wageningen Agric. Univ. Pap. 92-1: 335. 1992.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Collier	USF
Highlands	USF
Lee	USF
Palm Beach	USF

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Cenchrus setosus	Cenchrus setosus Swartz, Prodr. 26. 1788.		TYPE: JAMAICA: Without data, Swartz s.n. (holotype: S).
Gymnotrix polystachios	Gymnotrix polystachios (Linnaeus) Swartz ex Trinius, Gram. Panic. 66. 1826.	BASIONYM: Panicum polystachion Linnaeus 1759.
Panicum polystachion	Panicum polystachion Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 870. 1759.		TYPE: INDIA: Without data (lectotype: LINN 80.4). Lectotypified by van der Zon, Wageningen Agric. Univ. Pap. 92-1: 335. 1992.
Pennisetum polystachion	Pennisetum polystachion (Linnaeus) Schultes, Mant. 2: 146. 1824.	BASIONYM: Panicum polystachion Linnaeus 1759.
Pennisetum polystachion subsp. setosum	Pennisetum polystachion (Linnaeus) Schultes, subsp. setosum (Swartz) Brunken, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 79: 63. 1979.	BASIONYM: Cenchrus setosus Swartz 1788.
Pennisetum setosum	Pennisetum setosum (Swartz) Richard, in Persoon, Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805.	BASIONYM: Cenchrus setosus Swartz 1788.
Cenchrus polystachios subsp. atrichus	Cenchrus polystachios (Linnaeus) Morrone, subsp. atrichus (Stapf & C. E. Hubbard) Morrone, in Chemisquy et al., Ann. Bot. 106. 129. 2010.	BASIONYM: Pennisetum atrichum Stapf & C. E. Hubbard 1933.
Gymnotrix geniculata	Gymnotrix geniculata Schultes, Mant. 2: 284. 1824.		TYPE: MARTINIQUE:
Panicum barbatum	Panicum barbatum Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 285. 1820, non Lamarck 1791, nec Leconte ex Torrey 1818.		TYPE: INDIA:
Panicum cauda-ratti	Panicum cauda-ratti Schumacher, Beskr. Guin. Pl. 59. 1827.		TYPE: GHANA: Without data, Thonning s.n. (holotype: C).
Panicum cenchroides	Panicum cenchroides Richard, Actes Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 106. 1792.		TYPE: FRENCH GUIANA: Without data, LeBlond s.n. (holotype: P).
Panicum densispicum	Panicum densispicum Poiret, in Lamarck, Encycl., Suppl. 4: 273. 1816, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Panicum cenchroides Richard 1792.
Panicum erubescens	Panicum erubescens Willdenow, Enum. Pl. 1031. 1809.		TYPE: U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. Thomas:
Panicum imberbe var. purpurascens	Panicum imberbe Poiret, var. purpurascens (Kunth) Döll, in Martius, Fl. Bras. 2(2): 157. 1877.	BASIONYM: Pennisetum purpurascens Kunth 1816.
Panicum subangustum	Panicum subangustum Schumacher, Beskr. Guin. Pl. 59. 1827.		TYPE: GHANA: Without data, Thonning s.n. (holotype: C).
Panicum triticoides	Panicum triticoides Poiret, in Lamarck, Encycl., Suppl. 4: 274. 1816.		TYPE: Without data (holotype: FI).
Pennisetum alopecuroides	Pennisetum alopecuroides Desvaux ex Hamilton, Prodr. 11. 1825, non (Linnaeus) Sprengel 1825.
Pennisetum atrichum	Pennisetum atrichum Stapf & C. E. Hubbard, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1933: 282. 1933.		TYPE: MALAWI: Zomba, s.d., Manning 4 (holotype: K).
Pennisetum borbonicum	Pennisetum borbonicum Kunth, Revis. Gramin. 1: 259, t. 41. 1830.		TYPE: REUNION ISLAND:
Pennisetum breve	Pennisetum breve Nees von Esenbeck, in Martius, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2(1): 281. 1829.		TYPE: BRAZIL: Without data, Martius s.n. (holotype: M).
Pennisetum cauda-ratti	Pennisetum cauda-ratti (Schumacher) Franchet, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun 8: 360. 1895.	BASIONYM: Panicum cauda-ratti Schumacher 1827.
Pennisetum dasistachyum	Pennisetum dasistachyum Desvaux, Mém. Soc. Agric. Angers 1: 180. 1831.	BASIONYM: Panicum cenchroides Richard 1792.
Pennisetum elegans	Pennisetum elegans Nees von Esenbeck ex Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 105. 1854.		TYPE: SIERRA LEONE:
Pennisetum erubescens	Pennisetum erubescens (Willdenow) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 215. 1827.	BASIONYM: Panicum erubescens Willdenow 1809.
Pennisetum flavescens	Pennisetum flavescens J. Presl, in C. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1: 316. 1830.		TYPE: MEXICO: Without data, Haenke s.n. (holotype: PR).
Pennisetum gabonense	Pennisetum gabonense Franchet, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun 8: 360. 1895.		TYPE: GABON: Libreville, s.d., Vavin s.n. (holotype: P).
Pennisetum gracile	Pennisetum gracile Bentham, in Hooker, Niger Fl. 564. 1849.		TYPE: SIERRA LEONE: without data, Don s.n. (holotype: BM).
Pennisetum hamiltonii	Pennisetum hamiltonii Steudel, Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2. 2: 297. 1841.	BASIONYM: Pennisetum alopecuroides Desvaux ex Hamilton 1825, non (Linnaeus) Sprengel 1825.
Pennisetum hirsutum	Pennisetum hirsutum Nees von Esenbeck, in Martius, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2(1): 284. 1829.		TYPE: BRAZIL: Bahia: Without data, Martius s.n. (holotype: M).
Pennisetum indicum var. purpurascens	Pennisetum indicum Murray, var. purpurascens (Kunth) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 787. 1891.	BASIONYM: Pennisetum purpurascens Kunth 1816.
Pennisetum nicaraguense	Pennisetum nicaraguense E. Fournier, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, ser. 2. 27: 293. 1880.		TYPE: NICARAGUA: Near Granada, s.d., Levy 1304 (holotype: P; isotype: US).
Pennisetum pallidum	Pennisetum pallidum Nees von Esenbeck, in Martius, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2(1): 285. 1829.		TYPE: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Metanha et Itambe, s.d., Martius s.n. (holotype: M).
Pennisetum polystachion subsp. atrichum	Pennisetum polystachion (Linnaeus) Schultes, subsp. atrichum (Stapf & C. E. Hubbard) Brunken, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 79: 63. 1979.	BASIONYM: Pennisetum atrichum Stapf & C. E. Hubbard 1933.
Pennisetum purpurascens	Pennisetum purpurascens Kunth, in Humboldt et al., Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 113. 1816.		TYPE: MEXICO: Michoacán: Volcán de Jorullo, Sep, Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (holotype: P; isotype: US(fragm)).
Pennisetum reversum	Pennisetum reversum Hackel ex Buettner, Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 31: 68. 1890.		TYPE: ZAIRE: Muene Putu, Kassongo, s.d., Buettner 564 (holotype: B).
Pennisetum reversum var. gymnochaetium	Pennisetum reversum Hackel ex Buettner, var. gymnochaetium Hackel, Bull. Herb. Boissier, ser. 2. 1: 767. 1901.		TYPE: TANZANIA: Tabora Distr.: Igonda, s.d., Boehm 43 & 168 (syntypes: W).
Pennisetum richardii	Pennisetum richardii Kunth, Revis. Gramin. 49. 1829.	BASIONYM: Panicum cenchroides Richard 1792.
Pennisetum setosum var. breve	Pennisetum setosum (Swartz) Richard, var. breve (Nees von Esenbeck) Döll, in Martius, Fl. Bras. 2(2): 306. 1877.	BASIONYM: Pennisetum breve Nees von Esenbeck 1829.
Pennisetum sieberi	Pennisetum sieberi Kunth, Revis. Gramin. 50. 1829.	BASIONYM: Gymnotrix geniculata Schultes 1824.
Pennisetum stenostachyum	Pennisetum stenostachyum Peter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 40(1, Anh.): 70, f. 36. 1930.		TYPE: TANZANIA: E. Usambara Mts., Magunga-Bombo hill, s.d., Peter 18632 (holotype: B(destroyed); isotype: W).
Pennisetum subangustum	Pennisetum subangustum (Schumacher) Stapf & C. E. Hubbard, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1933: 271. 1933.	BASIONYM: Panicum subangustum Schumacher 1827.
Pennisetum tenuispiculatum	Pennisetum tenuispiculatum Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 107. 1854.		TYPE: GABON:
Pennisetum uniflorum	Pennisetum uniflorum Kunth, in Humboldt et al., Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 114, pl. 34. 1816.		TYPE: VENEZUELA: Sucre, Cumancoa, Sep, Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (holotype: P; isotype: US(fragm)).
Setaria cenchroides	Setaria cenchroides (Richard) Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 2: 495. 1817.	BASIONYM: Panicum cenchroides Richard 1792.
Setaria erubescens	Setaria erubescens (Willdenow) Palisot de Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 51, 169, 178. 1812.	BASIONYM: Panicum erubescens Willdenow 1809.

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen	Notes
USA	Florida	Highlands Co.	14 Aug 1963	L. J. Brass 33087
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	04 Jul 1998	K. A. Bradley 1884
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	04 Jul 1998	K. A. Bradley 1885
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	27 Nov 1991	R. Mears s.n.
USA	Louisiana	Jefferson Par.	12 Sep 1992	MacGregor 1103	CULTIVATED.
Trinidad & Tobago	Trinidad		13 Dec 1912	A. S. Hitchcock 611
USA	Florida	Palm Beach Co.	07 Jun 2017	C. Mason s.n.
USA	Florida	Lee Co.	10 Nov 2017	M. Horrigan s.n.
Mexico	Colima		21 Sep 1910	A. S. Hitchcock 433
Trinidad & Tobago			23 Dec 1912	A. S. Hitchcock 612
Venezuela	Guárico		06 Dec 1968	J. v. Rooden 213
Suriname			07 Dec 1961	W. H. A. Hekking 1186	"elephant grass"
Colombia	Magdalena		01 Jan 1898	Herbert H. Smith 2532
USA	Delaware	Sussex Co.	27 Sep 2010	W. D. Longbottom 14362
USA	Delaware	Sussex Co.	02 Oct 2010	W. D. Longbottom 14366
USA	Maryland	Caroline Co.	07 Oct 2011	W. D. Longbottom 16612
USA	Maryland	Talbot Co.	11 Oct 2011	W. D. Longbottom 16613
USA	Maryland	Howard Co.	29 Sep 2012	W. D. Longbottom 18289

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

Web Development: USF Water Institute

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Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

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