Paspalum conjugatum

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	POACEAE
Species:	Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius
Common Name:	SOUR PASPALUM; HILOGRASS
Status:	Native, FAC (DEP), FAC (NWPL), AD (WAP)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	POALES
Family	POACEAE
Genus	Paspalum
Species	Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius - SOUR PASPALUM; HILOGRASS

Citation

Citation	PASPALUM CONJUGATUM P. J. Bergius, Acta Helv. Phys.-Math. 7: 129, pl. 8. 1772.
Basionym:	**
Type:	SURINAM: Without data, Rolander 36 (lectotype: SBT). Lectotypified by de Koning & Sosef, Blumea 30: 290-293. 1985.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Alachua	PIHG
Brevard	USF
Broward	USF
Calhoun	FSU
Citrus	USF
Clay	FSU
Collier	USF
DeSoto	USF
Gadsden	USF
Glades	USF
Gulf	FSU
Hardee	USF
Hendry	USF
Hernando	USF
Hillsborough	USF
Lee	USF
Leon	FSU
Manatee	USF
Marion	FSU
Martin	USF
Miami-Dade	USF
Okeechobee	USF
Osceola	USF
Palm Beach	FLAS
Pasco	USF
Pinellas	USF
Polk	USF
Sarasota	USF
St. Lucie	USF
Volusia	USF

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Paspalum tenue	Paspalum tenue Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 2, pl. 80. 1790, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Paspalum conjugatum P. J. Bergius 1762.
Paspalum africanum	Paspalum africanum Poiret, in Lamarck, Encycl., Suppl. 4: 314. 1816.		TYPE: NIGERIA: Without data, Palisot de Beauvois s.n. (holotype: ?).
Paspalum ciliatum	Paspalum ciliatum Lamarck, Tabl. Encycl. 1: 175. 1791, non Rottbøll 1778.		TYPE: FRENCH GUIANA: Without data, LeBlond s.n. (holotype: P; isotype: US(fragm)).
Paspalum conjugatum forma tristachyum	Paspalum conjugatum P. J. Bergius, froma tristachyum (Vanderyst) Beetle, Phytologia 28: 318. 1974.	BASIONYM: Paspalum conjugatum P. J. Bergius, var. tristachyum Vanderyst 1918.
Paspalum conjugatum var. parviflorum	Paspalum conjugatum P. J. Bergius, var. parviflorum Döll, in Martius, Fl. Bras. 2(2): 55. 1877.		TYPE: BRAZIL: Amazonas: Without data, Spruce 894 (lectotype: M; isolectotype: US(fragm)). Lectotypified by Zuloaga & Morrone, in Zuloaga et al., Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46: 456. 2003.
Paspalum conjugatum var. pubescens	Paspalum conjugatum P. J. Bergius, var. pubescens Döll, in Martius, Fl. Bras. 2(2): 55. 1877.		TYPE: BRAZIL: Bahia: Without data, Martius, s.n. (lectotype: M; isolectotype: US(fragm)). Lectotypified by Zuloaga & Morrone, in Zuloaga et al., Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46: 456. 2003.
Paspalum conjugatum var. tristachyum	Paspalum conjugatum P. J. Bergius, var. tristachyum Vanderyst, Bull. Agric. Congo Belge 9: 245. 1918.		TYPE: ZAIRE: Without data, 1915, Vanderyst s.n. (holotype: BR; isotype: US(fragm)).
Paspalum longissimum	Paspalum longissimum Hochstetter ex Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 19. 1853.		TYPE: SURINAM: "in districtu Surinamense Para", Feb-Apr 1844, Kappler 1556 (holotype: P; isotypes: MO, US(fragm)).
Paspalum renggeri	Paspalum renggeri Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 17. 1853.		TYPE: PARAGUAY: Without data, Rengger s.n. (holotype: P; isotype: US).
Paspalum sieberianum	Paspalum sieberianum Steudel, Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 17. 1853.		TYPE: FRENCH GUIANA: Without data, Sieber s.n. (holotype: P?; isotype: L)

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen	Notes
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	19 Jul 1963	O. K. Lakela 26095
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	20 Aug 1998	J. Myers 109
USA	Florida	Brevard Co.	08 Jul 1975	J. E. Poppleton s.n.
USA	Florida	Brevard Co.	28 Jun 1973	A.G. Shuey M0900
USA	Florida	Brevard Co.	08 Aug 2003	L. A. Lathrop 10
USA	Florida	Polk Co.	07 Jul 1979	D. G. Rhodes s.n.
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	07 Aug 1961	O. K. Lakela 24528
USA	Florida	Hernando Co.	23 Jul 1961	O. K. Lakela 24247
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	16 Jun 1995	S. Landry s.n.
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	06 Jan 1973	D. LeDoux 351
USA	Florida	Hardee Co.	11 Nov 2003	B. F. Hansen 12956
USA	Florida	Pinellas Co.	03 Aug 1993	B. F. Hansen 12320
USA	Florida	DeSoto Co.	26 Oct 1999	S. L. Orzell 25728
USA	Florida	Osceola Co.	24 Sep 1994	W. K. Taylor 1451
USA	Florida	Martin Co.	25 Jul 2002	S. W. Woodmansee 782
USA	Florida	Manatee Co.	16 Aug 1999	C. Becker WC0547
USA	Florida	Pinellas Co.	02 Sep 1983	G. Fleming 3636
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	31 Jul 1968	O. K. Lakela 31545
USA	Florida	Okeechobee Co.	22 Oct 1998	E. L. Bridges 25337
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	07 Jun 1995	S. Cole FS0020
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	30 Dec 1969	O. K. Lakela 31970
USA	Florida	Citrus Co.	21 Sep 1963	O. K. Lakela 26443
USA	Florida	St. Lucie Co.	29 May 1980	B. F. Hansen 7189
USA	Florida	Polk Co.	04 Jul 1979	R. P. Wunderlin 7569
USA	Florida	Manatee Co.	01 Jun 1998	C. Becker WC0440
USA	Florida	Pasco Co.	25 Aug 1989	T. F. Rochow s.n.
USA	Florida	Polk Co.	04 Jul 1979	R. P. Wunderlin 7560
USA	Florida	Lee Co.	28 Jul 2004	G. J. Wilder 21576
USA	Florida	Lee Co.	22 Jun 2006	J. M. Kunzer 1831
USA	Florida	Volusia Co.	06 Oct 2006	J. M. Kunzer 1951
USA	Florida	Sarasota Co.	08 Oct 2007	A. R. Franck 410
USA	Florida	Osceola Co.	12 Jun 2007	C. Slaughter 15648
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	25 Jun 2004	A. Bishop HR0259
USA	Florida	Sarasota Co.	21 Jul 2007	A. R. Franck 459
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	22 May 2002	M. Owen FS0233
USA	Florida	Polk Co.	18 Aug 1993	S. L. Orzell 22308
USA	Florida	Glades Co.	09 Dec 2009	A. R. Franck 1605
USA	Florida	Polk Co.	03 Sep 2008	J. M. Kunzer 22502
USA	Florida	Sarasota Co.	20 Aug 2009	L. B. Birch 326
USA	Florida	Hendry Co.	09 Oct 2010	A. R. Franck 2351
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	03 Jul 2009	C. vanHoek HR0118
USA	Florida	Martin Co.	Sep 1988	R. O. Woodbury s.n.
USA	Florida	Lee Co.	09 Dec 2005	S. W. Woodmansee 1681
USA	Texas	Cameron Co.	28 Jun 1910	A. S. Hitchcock 959
USA	Florida	Lee Co.	09 Dec 2005	S. W. Woodmansee 1681
USA	Florida	Sarasota Co.	07 Jul 2011	L. B. Birch 646
USA	Florida	Broward Co.	28 Apr 2015	P. L. Howell 1288
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	14 May 1970	M. McMahon 50
Jamaica	Middlesex Co.	St. Catherine Par.	31 Jul 1963	M. R. Crosby 1034
Dominica		St. Paul Par.	30 Jul 1992	S. R. Hill 24032
Dominica		St. George Par.	15 Aug 1997	S. R. Hill 29716	CULTIVATED.
Cuba	Pinar del Río Prov.		24 Jun 1921	E. L. Ekman 960
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	01 Sep 1984	A. Herndon 1135
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	12 Aug 2017	J. R. Campbell 846
USA	Florida	Polk Co.	23 Aug 2016	J. R. Campbell 399
Mexico	Oaxaca		15 Aug 1975	LeDoux 2297
Ecuador	Guayas Prov.		15 Feb 1982	C. H. Dodson 12481
Colombia			09 Jul 1968	F. A. Barkley 38010
Mexico	Tabasco		29 Jul 1992	J. Utley 8807
Madagascar	Chiapas		01 Aug 1991	J. Utley 8733
Guatemala			08 Aug 1975	LeDoux 2116
Honduras	Cortés Dept.		20 Apr 1985	F. Padilla 149
Honduras	Ocotepeque Dept.		19 Apr 1984	L. Morales R. 177
Panama			19 Mar 1969	R. L. Lazor 2616
Suriname	Saramacca Distr.		12 Nov 1961	W. H. A. Hekking 1016
Panama	Veraguas Prov.		20 Apr 1966	J. McCorkle c-201
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	05 Sep 2019	S. Dickman 1508
USA	Florida	Gadsden Co.	17 Jul 2021	S. Dickman 1671

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

Filter by County - Counties to Include - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to include with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to include with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will be found within each of the selected counties.

Filter by County - Counties to Exclude - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will not be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will not be found within any of the selected counties.

Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

Web Development: USF Water Institute

A member of the University of South Florida family of PlantAtlas.org websites

Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

Only plant populations vouchered by specimens deposited in Index Herbariorum http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ recognized herbaria are represented on this map.