Xanthosoma sagittifolium

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	ARACEAE
Species:	Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.)Schott
Common Name:	ARROWLEAF ELEPHANT'S EAR
Status:	Not Native, FISC(II), FACW (DEP)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	ALISMATALES
Family	ARACEAE
Genus	Xanthosoma
Species	Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.)Schott - ARROWLEAF ELEPHANT'S EAR

Citation

Citation	XANTHOSOMA SAGITTIFOLIUM (Linnaeus) Schott, in Schott & Endlicher, Melet. Bot. 19. 1832.
Basionym:	Arum sagittifolium Linnaeus 1753.
Type:	JAMAICA: Without data (lectotype: Sloane, Voy. Jamaica Nat. Hist. 2: t. 106(2). 1725). Lectotypified by R. A. Howard, Fl. Less. Antill., Monocot. 398. 1979.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Alachua	FLAS
Brevard	PIHG
Broward	USF
Calhoun	FSU
Collier	USF
Escambia	USF
Flagler	PIHG
Gadsden	FSU
Gilchrist	PIHG
Glades	USF
Gulf	FSU
Hamilton	FSU
Hernando	USF
Hillsborough	USF
Jackson	FSU
Jefferson	FSU
Lafayette	FSU
Lake	MISSA
Leon	FSU
Liberty	FSU
Madison	FSU
Marion	MISSA
Miami-Dade	USF
Okeechobee	USF
Orange	USF
Osceola	PIHG
Pasco	PIHG
Pinellas	USF
Polk	USF
Sarasota	USF
Seminole	USF
St. Johns	PIHG
St. Lucie	USF
Sumter	USF
Volusia	USF
Wakulla	FSU

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Arum sagittifolium	Arum sagittifolium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 966. 1753.		TYPE: JAMAICA: Without data (lectotype: Sloane, Voy. Jamaica Nat. Hist. 2: t. 106(2). 1725). Lectotypified by R. A. Howard, Fl. Less. Antill., Monocot. 398. 1979.
Caladium sagittifolium	Caladium sagittifolium (Linnaeus) Ventenat, Mag. Encycl. 4: 471. 1801; Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 2: 351. 1801; J. Bot. (Schrader) 4: 319. 1801.	BASIONYM: Arum sagittifolium Linnaeus 1753.
Xanthosoma atrovirens	Xanthosoma atrovirens K. Koch & C. D. Bouché, Index Sem. Hort. Bot. Berol. 1854(App.): 3. 1855, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Arum sagittifolium Linnaeus 1753.
Arum nigrum	Arum nigrum Vellozo, Arq. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro 5: 386. 1881, non Schott 1857.		TYPE: BRAZIL:
Arum xanthorrhizon	Arum xanthorrhizon Jacquin, Pl. Hort. Schoenbr. 2: 32, t. 188. 1797.
Caladium edule	Caladium edule G. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 272. 1818.		TYPE: SURINAM:
Caladium xanthorrhizon	Caladium xanthorrhizon (Jacquin) Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 4: 490. 1805.	BASIONYM: Arum xanthorrhizon Jacquin 1797.
Xanthosoma appendiculatum	Xanthosoma appendiculatum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4: 418. 1854.
Xanthosoma atrovirens var. appendiculatum	Xanthosoma atrovirens K. Koch & C. D. Bouché, var. appendiculatum (Schott) Engler, in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(2): 194. 1878.	BASIONYM: Xanthosoma appendiculatum Schott 1854.
Xanthosoma atrovirens var. hybridum	Xanthosoma atrovirens K. Koch & C. D. Bouché, var. hybridum K. Koch, Index Sem. Hort. Bot. Berol. 1854(App.): 3. 1855.
Xanthosoma atrovirens var. kochii	Xanthosoma atrovirens K. Koch & C. D. Bouché, var. kochii Engler, Pflanzenr. 4(Heft 71): 50. 1920.
Xanthosoma atrovirens var. moritzii	Xanthosoma atrovirens K. Koch & C. D. Bouché, var. moritzii Engler, Pflanzenr. 4(Heft 71): 51. 1920, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Xanthosmoa atrovirens K. Koch & C. D. Bouché, var. versicolor K. Koch 1855.
Xanthosoma atrovirens var. panduriforme	Xanthosoma atrovirens K. Koch & C. D. Bouché, var. panduriformei Engler, Pflanzenr. 4(Heft 71): 51. 1920.
Xanthosoma atrovirens var. versicolor	Xanthosoma atrovirens K. Koch & C. D. Bouché, var. versicolor K. Koch, Index Sem. Hort. Bot. Berol. 1854(App.): 3. 1855.
Xanthosoma aureum	Xanthosoma aureum E. G. Gonçalves Aroideana 34: 8, f. 5. 2011.		TYPE: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Pedra de Guaratiba, Cult. at Sitio Roberto Burle-Marx, s.d., Gonçalves 843 (holotype: UB; isotypes: K, MO, UFMG).
Xanthosoma blandum	Xanthosoma blandum Schott, Bonplandia (Hannover) 10: 346. 1862.		TYPE: BRAZIL: Pará:
Xanthosoma edule	Xanthosoma edule (G. Meyer) Schott, in Schott & Endlicher, Melet. Bot. 19. 1832.	BASIONYM: Claldium edule G. Meyer 1818.
Xanthosoma ianthinum	Xanthosoma ianthinum K. Koch & C. D. Bouché, Index Sem. Hort. Bot. Berol. 1854(App.): 2. 1855.
Xanthosoma jacquinii	Xanthosoma jacquinii Schott, in Schott & Endlicher, Melet. Bot. 1: 19. 1832, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Arum xanthorrhizon Jacquin 1797.
Xanthosoma maculatum	Xanthosoma maculatum W. Bull, Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. London 1: 660. 1861.
Xanthosoma mafaffa	Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott, Arac. Betreff. 2: 5. 1855.
Xanthosoma mafaffa var. blandum	Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott, var. blandum (Schott) Engler, in Martius, Fl. Bras. 3(2): 193. 1878.	BASIONYM: Xanthosoma blandum Schott 1862.
Xanthosoma mafaffa var. typicum	Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott, var. typicum Engler, Pflanzenr. 4(Heft 71): 51. 1920.	BASIONYM: Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott 1855.
Xanthosoma monstruosum	Xanthosoma aureum E. G. Gonçalves Aroideana 34: 13, f. 14. 2011.		TYPE: BRAZIL: Distrito Federal: Brasília, Campus de University of Brasília, s.d., Gonçalves 2017 (holotype: UB; isotypes: K, MO, UFMG).
Xanthosoma nigrum	Xanthosoma nigrum Stellfeld, Tribuna Farm. 12: 101. 1944.	BASIONYM: Arun nigrum Vellozo 1881, non Schott 1857.
Xanthosoma panduriforme	Xanthosoma panduriforme (Engler) E. G. Conçalves, Aroideana 32: 15. 2011.	BASIONYM: Xanthosoma atrovirens K. Koch & C. D. Bouché, var. panduriforme Engler 1920.
Xanthosoma peregrinum	Xanthosoma perregrinum Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W.I. 511. 1864.
Xanthosoma poeppigii var. mafaffa	Xanthosoma poeppigii Schott, var. mafaffa (Schott) J. F. Macbride, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 11: 8. 1931.	BASIONYM: Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott 1855.
Xanthosoma roseum	Xanthosoma roseum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 8: 178. 1858.		TYPE: COSTA RICA:
Xanthosoma sagittifolium	Xanthosoma sagittifolium K. Koch & C. D. Bouché, Index Sem. Hort. Bot. Berol. 1854(App.): 2. 1855, non (Linnaeus) Schott 1832.
Xanthosoma utile	Xanthosoma utile K. Koch & C. D. Bouché, Index Sem. Hort. Berol. 1854(App.): 2. 1855.
Xanthosoma violaceum	Xanthosoma violaceum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 3: 370. 1853.
Xanthosoma xanthorrhizon	Xanthosoma xanthorrhizon (Jacquin) K. Koch, Bonplandia 4: 4. 1856.	BASIONYM: Arum xanthorrhizon Jacquin 1797.

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen	Notes
USA	Florida	Broward Co.	19 Oct 1985	B. F. Hansen 10557
USA	Florida	Collier Co.	24 Nov 1999	M. Owen FS0173
USA	Florida	Hernando Co.	16 Oct 1983	R. P. Wunderlin 9448
USA	Florida	Polk Co.	04 Sep 1991	B. F. Hansen 11926
USA	Florida	Hernando Co.	24 Aug 1983	J. Beckner 2624
USA	Florida	Seminole Co.	24 Oct 1981	D. S. Correll 52952
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	Jun 1972	M. R. Birdsey s.n.
USA	Florida	Polk Co.	27 Apr 1983	R. P. Wunderlin 9407
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	09 Feb 2006	S. Dickman s.n.
USA	Florida	Pinellas Co.	12 Nov 1983	G. Fleming 3673
USA	Florida	Sumter Co.	09 Nov 2005	B. F. Hansen 13096
USA	Florida	Pinellas Co.	22 Apr 1977	P. Genelle 2722
USA	Florida	Sarasota Co.	09 Jun 2008	A. R. Franck 651
USA	Florida	Volusia Co.	17 Apr 2008	J. M. Kunzer 2403
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	04 Sep 2008	C. vanHoek HR0593
USA	Florida	Glades Co.	28 Aug 2011	A. R. Franck 2683
USA	Florida	Orange Co.	31 Jul 2012	S. Myers 658
USA	Florida	Okeechobee Co.	19 Dec 2012	S. Myers 839
USA	Florida	St. Lucie Co.	08 May 2015	S. Myers 1744
Ecuador	Los Ríos Prov.		07 Mar 1980	J. B. Watson 463	Sheet 2 of 2.
Ecuador	Los Ríos Prov.		07 Mar 1980	J. B. Watson 463	Sheet 1 of 2.
USA	Florida	Escambia Co.	26 Nov 2015	J. R. Burkhalter 25674

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

Filter by County - Counties to Include - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to include with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will be found within at least one of the selected counties.
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Filter by County - Counties to Exclude - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will not be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will not be found within any of the selected counties.

Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

Web Development: USF Water Institute

A member of the University of South Florida family of PlantAtlas.org websites

Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

Only plant populations vouchered by specimens deposited in Index Herbariorum http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ recognized herbaria are represented on this map.