Trifolium pratense

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	FABACEAE
Species:	Trifolium pratense L.
Common Name:	RED CLOVER
Status:	Not Native, FACU (NWPL)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	FABALES
Family	FABACEAE
Genus	Trifolium
Species	Trifolium pratense L. - RED CLOVER

Citation

Citation	TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 768. 1753.
Basionym:	**
Type:	Without data, Herb. Clifford 354(Trifolium 16A) (lectotype: BM). Lectotypified by Polhill, in C. E. Jarvis et al., Regnum Veg. 127: 96. 1993.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Alachua	FLAS
Gadsden	FLAS
Hernando	USF
Hillsborough	USF
Jefferson	FSU
Leon	FSU
Miami-Dade	FLAS
Nassau	FLAS
Pinellas	USF
Volusia	USF
Wakulla	FSU

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Lagopus pratensis	Lagopus pratensis (Linnaeus) Bernhardi, Syst. Verz. 239. 1800.	BASIONYM: Trifolium pratense Linnaeus 1753.
Trifolium pratense subsp. eupratense	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, subsp. eupratense Ascherson & Graebner, Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 548. 1908, nom. inadmiss.	BASIONYM: Trifolium pratense Linnaeus 1753.
Trifolium pratense var. genuinum	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. genuinum Rouy, Fl. France 5: 119. 1889, nom. inadmiss.	BASIONYM: Trifolium pratense Linnaeus 1753.
Trifolium alpicola	Trifolium alpicola Hegetschweiler, Fl. Schweiz. 699. 1840.
Trifolium baeticum	Trifolium baeticum Boissier, Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 726. 1845.		TYPE: SPAIN:
Trifolium borysthenicum	Trifolium borysthenicum Gruner, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 42(2): 140. 1869.
Trifolium brachystylos	Trifolium brachystylos Knaf, Lotos 4: 237. 1854.
Trifolium bracteatum	Trifolium bracteatum Schousboe ex Willdenow, Enum. Pl. 792. 1809.
Trifolium carpaticum	Trifolium carpaticum Porcius, Fl. Naseud. 205. 1885.
Trifolium expansum	Trifolium expansum Waldstein & Kitaibel, Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 3: 263, t. 236. 1806-1812.
Trifolium fontanum	Trifolium fontanum Bobrov, in Komarov, Fl. URSS 11: 251, 392. 1945.		TYPE: U.S.S.R.: Caucasus, Balkaria, Sukan, 19 Jul 1931, Busch & Busch s.n. (holotype: LE).
Trifolium heterophyllum	Trifolium heterophyllum Trattinnick, Arch. Gewaechsk. 1: 26. 1811.
Trifolium microphyllum	Trifolium microphyllum Desvaux, J. Bot. (Paris) 2: 316. 1809.
Trifolium pensylvanicum	Trifolium pensylvanicum Willdenow, Enum. Pl. 793. 1809.
Trifolium pratense subsp. nivale	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, subsp. nivale Ascherson & Graebner, Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 557. 1908.	BASIONYM: Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. nivale W. D. J. Koch 1837, nom. illegit.; Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. alpinum Hoppe 1812.
Trifolium pratense var. album	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. album Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 77. 1866.
Trifolium pratense var. alpinum	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. alpinum Hoppe, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. 8(32): t. 512. 1812.
Trifolium pratense var. americanum	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. americanum Harz, Bot. Centralbl. 45: 106. 1891.
Trifolium pratense var. anatolicum	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. anatolicum Freyn, Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 177. 1895.
Trifolium pratense var. collinum	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. collinum Gibelli & Belli, Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2. 39: 302. 1889.
Trifolium pratense var. expansum	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. expansum (Waldstein & Kitaibel) Haussknecht, Mitth. Thuering. Bot. Vereins 5: 72. 1893.	BASIONYM: Trifolium expansum Waldstein & Kitaibel 1806-1812.
Trifolium pratense var. frigidum	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. frigidum Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 4: 582. 1829, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. alpinum Hoppe 1812.
Trifolium pratense var. heterophyllum	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. heterophyllum (Trattinnick) Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 77. 1866.	BASIONYM: Trifolium heterophyllum Trattinnick 1811.
Trifolium pratense var. majus	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. majus Boissier, Fl. Orient. 2: 115. 1872.
Trifolium pratense var. microphyllum	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. microphyllum (Desvaux) Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 77. 1866.	BASIONYM: Trifolium microphyllum Desvaux 1809.
Trifolium pratense var. nivale	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. nivale W. D. J. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 168. 1837, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. alpinum Hoppe 1812.
Trifolium pratense var. pratarum	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. pratarum Alefeld, Landw. Fl. 77. 1866.
Trifolium pratense var. sativum	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. sativum Schreber, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. 4(15): t. 236. 1804.
Trifolium pratense var. spontaneum	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. spontaneum Willkomm, Fuehrer Deut. Pfl. 535. 1863.
Trifolium pratense var. sylvestre	Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. sylvestre Ducommun, Taschenb. 169. 1869.
Trifolium sativum	Trifolium sativum (Schreber) Crome ex Boenninghausen, Prodr. Fl. Monast. Westphal. 222. 1824.	BASIONYM: Trifolium pratense Linnaeus, var. sativum Schreber 1804.

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen
USA	Florida	Pinellas Co.	16 Apr 1994	J. Beckner 2717
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	23 Apr 1963	V. Ducey 128
USA	Florida	Volusia Co.	07 May 1985	H. J. Nett s.n.
USA	Florida	Hernando Co.	05 Jul 1986	C. vanHoek s.n.
USA	North Carolina	Alleghany Co.	11 Jul 1980	R. P. Sauleda 4375
USA	Louisiana	Claiborne Par.	16 May 1977	C. M. Allen 8105, 1189
USA	Louisiana	Tangipahoa Par.	12 Jun 1978	C. M. Allen 8181, 1327
USA	Tennessee	Cocke Co.	24 Jul 1977	P. Genelle 2936
USA	Tennessee	Sevier Co.	26 Jul 2007	A. R. Franck 528
USA	Georgia	Gwinnett Co.	20 Aug 1988	K. Holland
USA	Tennessee	Sevier Co.	14 Aug 1980	R. P. Sauleda 4499
USA	Tennessee	Cocke Co.	16 May 1977	P. Genelle 2738
USA	North Carolina	Buncombe Co.	22 Jun 1965	M. Gillon 52
USA	Mississippi	Lowndes Co.	27 Jun 1955	J. D. Ray, Jr. 4569
USA	Louisiana	Caddo Par.	01 May 1984	R. D. Thomas 88362
USA	North Carolina	Yancey Co.	07 Jun 1958	H. E. Ahles 42639
Canada	Ontario		20 Jun 1965	J. H. Russ 8440
USA	Ohio	Preble Co.	20 Jul 1961	M. Hinds 246
USA	Oklahoma	Payne Co.	18 May 1916	T. B. H. s.n.
USA	Michigan	Oceana Co.	14 Aug 1966	J. DeBoer s.n.
USA	Wisconsin	Sauk Co.	26 Aug 1981	R. P. Sauleda 6119
USA	Pennsylvania	Adams Co.	08 Sep 1980	R. P. Sauleda 4208
USA	Maryland	Frederick Co.	08 Sep 1980	R. P. Sauleda 4221
USA	Maryland	Howard Co.	10 May 2010	W. D. Longbottom 13282
USA	Maryland	Dorchester Co.	21 Jun 2015	D. H. Williams 4116
USA	West Virginia	Wetzel Co.	26 Jul 1958	E. A. Bartholomew We-62
USA	Connecticut	Fairfield Co.	17 Aug 1962	H. K. Svenson 812
USA	Colorado	Gunnison Co.	13 Jul 1959	N. H. Russell 10346
USA	Kentucky	Madison Co.	27 Jun 1959	J. Grossman 160
USA	Virginia	Rappahannock Co.	09 Sep 1980	R. P. Sauleda 4304
USA	Maryland	Queen Anne's Co.	15 Jul 2013	D. H. Williams 3750
USA	Maryland	Kent Co.	24 May 2009	W. D. Longbottom 12793
USA	Iowa	Poweshiek Co.	22 Jun 1952	N. H. Russell NR 6225221
USA	Massachusetts	Middlesex Co.	28 Jun 1885	M. Rodman s.n.
USA	Pennsylvania	Cumberland Co.	03 Aug 1976	C. A. Aulbach-Smith 663
USA	West Virginia	Jefferson Co.	08 Sep 1980	R. P. Sauleda 4252
USA	Pennsylvania	Lancaster Co.	07 Sep 1980	R. P. Sauleda 4168
USA	Minnesota	Watonwan Co.	25 Jul 1959	J. Behrens s.n.

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

Filter by County - Counties to Include - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to include with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will be found within at least one of the selected counties.
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Filter by County - Counties to Exclude - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will not be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will not be found within any of the selected counties.

Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

Web Development: USF Water Institute

A member of the University of South Florida family of PlantAtlas.org websites

Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2023. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

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