Ageratum conyzoides

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Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	ASTERACEAE
Species:	Ageratum conyzoides L.
Common Name:	TROPICAL WHITEWEED
Plant Notes:	The leaf blades have yellow punctate glands abaxially, and are apparently rarely ever eglandular, while the peduncles and phyllaries are without stipitate glands (Johnson 1971).
Status:	Not Native, FACU (NWPL)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	ASTERALES
Family	ASTERACEAE
Genus	Ageratum
Species	Ageratum conyzoides L. - TROPICAL WHITEWEED

Citation

Citation	AGERATUM CONYZOIDES Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 839. 1753, nom. cons.
Basionym:	**
Type:	Without data (holotype: Hermann, Parad. Bat. 161, ic. 1698), typ. cons.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Brevard	FLAS
Broward	USF
Citrus	PIHG
Clay	PIHG
Collier	FTG
Gadsden	FSU
Hardee	USF
Hendry	FLAS
Indian River	FLAS
Lee	FLAS
Leon	FSU
Martin	FLAS
Miami-Dade	USF
Palm Beach	USF
Seminole	USF
St. Lucie	FLAS

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Ageratum hirtum	Ageratum hirtum Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 54. 1783, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Ageratum conyzoides Linnaeus 1753.
Ageratum humile	Ageratum humile Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 188. 1796, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Ageratum conyzoides Linnaeus 1753.
Ageratum odoratum	Ageratum odoratum Vilmorin, Fl. Pleine Terre, ed. 2. 42. 1866, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Ageratum conyzoides Linnaeus 1753.
Carelia conyzoides	Carelia conyzoides (Linnaeus) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 325. 1891.	BASIONYM: Ageratum conyzoides Linnaeus 1753.
Eupatorium conyzoides	Eupatorium conyzoides (Linnaeus) E. H. L. Krause, in Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., ed. 2. 13: 32. 1905, non Miller 1768, nec Vahl 1794.	BASIONYM: Ageratum conyzoides Linnaeus 1753.
Ageratum album	Ageratum album Hornemann, Hort. Bot. Hafn. 792. 1815.
Ageratum arsenei	Ageratum arsenei B. L. Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 64: 3. 1922.		TYPE: MEXICO: Nuevo Leon: Cercado near Monterrey, 12 Nov 1911, Arsène s.n. (hholotype: K; isotype: GH fragm).
Ageratum ciliare	Ageratum ciliare Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 839. 1753.		TYPE: INDIA: Without data (lectotype: Plukenet, Phytographia t. 81(4). 1691). Lectotypified by H. Robinson, in C. E. Jarvis & Turland, Taxon 47: 351. 1998.
Ageratum conyzoides forma album	Ageratum conyzoides Linnaeus, forma album B. L. Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts, ser. 2. 49: 462. 1913.		TYPE: PUERTO RICO: Cacoa, s.d., Sintenis 5874 (holotype: US).
Ageratum conyzoides var. hirtum	Ageratum conyzoides Linnaeus, var. hirtum de Candolle, Prodr. 5: 108. 1836.	BASIONYM: Ageratum hirsutum Lamarck ex Poiret 1810.
Ageratum conyzoides var. inaequipaleaceum	Ageratum conyzoides Linnaeus, var. inaequipaleaceum Hieronymus, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 19: 44. 1895.		TYPE: COLOMBIA: Cauca: Near Popayan, s.d., Lehmann 4666 (holotype: B?; isotypes: GH, NY).
Ageratum cordifolium	Ageratum cordifolium Roxburgh, Fl. India, ed. 1832. 3: 415. 1832.		TYPE: INDIA: West Bengal: Vicinity of Calcutta,
Ageratum hirsutum	Ageratum hirsutum Lamarck ex Poiret, Encycl., Suppl. 1: 242. 1810.
Ageratum nanum	Ageratum nanum Schultz Bipontinus, in K. Koch & Fintelmann, Wochenschr. Gaertnerei Pflanzenk. 1(Gart.-Nachr.): 26. 1858.
Ageratum suffruticosum	Ageratum suffruticosum Regel, Gartenflora 3: 389, t. 108. 1854.		TYPE: MEXICO: Cult. in Germany, without data (lectotype: Regel, Gartenflora 3: t. 108. 1854). Lectotypified by M. F. Johnson, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 58: 27. 1971.
Cacalia mentrasto	Cacalia mentrasto Vellozo, Fl. Flumin. 339. 1829 ("1825").		TYPE: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, without data (lectotype: Vellozo, Fl. Flumin., Icon. 8: t. 69. 1831 ("1827")). Lectotypified by M. F. Johnson, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 58: 26. 1971.
Carelia conyzoides var. pusilla	Carelia conyzoides (Linnaeus) Kuntze, var. pusilla Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 325. 1891.		TYPE: VIETNAM:
Carelia conyzoides var. robusta	Carelia conyzoides (Linnaeus) Kuntze, var. robusta Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 325. 1891.
Carelia conyzoides var. umbrosa	Carelia conyzoides (Linnaeus) Kuntze, var. umbrosa Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 325. 1891.

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen	Notes
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	21 Oct 1985	B. F. Hansen 10725
USA	Florida	Palm Beach Co.	05 Mar 1999	K. A. Bradley 1978
USA	Florida	Broward Co.	15 May 1981	J. Popenoe 1983
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	30 May 1947	R. B. Ledin 1290	CULTIVATED.
USA	Florida	Pinellas Co.	06 Jul 1970	D. Burch 6842	CULTIVATED.
Cuba		Cumanayagua Mun.	10 May 1956	F. A. Turnau 79
Jamaica	Surrey Co.	St. Thomas Par.	23 Jan 1952	G. R. Proctor 6211
Bahamas	Inagua Island		25 Feb 1909	Worthington s.n.
Puerto Rico		Luquillo Mun.	21 Apr 1985	R. P. Sauleda 8861
Dominican Republic	Peravia Prov.		25 Dec 1981	T. A. Zanoni 18775
Dominican Republic	Santiago Prov.		29 Apr 1970	D. Burch 2519
Puerto Rico		Rio Grande Mun.	02 Dec 1981	B. F. Hansen 9573
USA	Florida	Hardee Co.	16 Aug 2017	M. Horrigan s.n.
USA	Florida	Seminole Co.	05 Mar 2016	W. K. Taylor s.n.
Venezuela	Aragua		06 Oct 1971	R. W. Long 3533
Brazil	Amazonas	Manaus Mun.	30 May 1971	P. J. M. Maas 319
Panama	Bocas del Toro Prov.		19 Apr 1969	R. L. Lazor 2587
Nicaragua	Carazo Dept.		12 Dec 1968	R. B. Hamblett 536
Honduras	Francisco Morazán Dept.		16 Mar 1985	T. Garcia 144
Brazil	Paraná	Antonina Mun.	28 Aug 1983	G. Hatschbach 46819
Honduras	Francisco Morazán Dept.		28 Apr 1984	Y. Calderón 147
Honduras	Francisco Morazán Dept.		17 Mar 1984	L. Morales R. 168
Venezuela	Miranda		10 Jan 1969	J. v. Rooden 149
Panama	Panamá Prov.		11 Jan 1972	E. L. Tyson 6507
Honduras	Francisco Morazán Dept.		09 Apr 1985	S. Avila 129
Suriname	Paramaribo Distr.		20 Sep 1961	W. H. A. Hekking 922
USA	Florida	Charlotte Co.	15 Mar 1931	M. Mulvania s.n.	CULTIVATED
USA	Florida	Lee Co.	10 Jan 2021	S. H. Brown s.n.
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	27 Jun 2019	C. Marble s.n.
USA	Florida	Seminole Co.	12 Dec 2022	D. Rockwood s.n.

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

Web Development: USF Water Institute

A member of the University of South Florida family of PlantAtlas.org websites

Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2023. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

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