Lindera benzoin

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	LAURACEAE
Species:	Lindera benzoin (L.)Blume
Common Name:	NORTHERN SPICEBUSH
Status:	Native, FACW (DEP), FACW (NWPL)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	LAURALES
Family	LAURACEAE
Genus	Lindera
Species	Lindera benzoin (L.)Blume - NORTHERN SPICEBUSH

Citation

Citation	LINDERA BENZOIN (Linnaeus) Blume, Mus. Bot. 1: 324. 1851.
Basionym:	Laurus benzoin Linnaeus 1753.
Type:	VIRGINIA: Cult. in Hartekamp, Netherlands, Clifford s.n. (lectotype: BM). Lectotypified by Fernald, Rhodora 47: 141. 1945.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Brevard	USF
Calhoun	FLAS
Gadsden	USF
Jackson	USF
Liberty	FSU
Marion	USF
Orange	USF
Putnam	USF

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Benzoin aestivale var. pubescens	Benzoin aestivale (Linnaeus) Nees von Esenbeck, var. pubescens E. J. Palmer & Steyermark, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 22: 545. 1935.		TYPE: MISSOURI: Jasper Co.: Alba, 12 Sep 1922, Palmer 21923 (holotype: A).
Benzoin benzoin	Benzoin benzoin (Linnaeus) J. M. Coulter, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 164. 1894, nom. inadmiss.	BASIONYM: Laurus benzoin Linnaeus 1753.
Benzoin odoriferum	Benzoin odoriferum Nees von Esenbeck, in Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 63. 1831.	BASIONYM: Laurus benzoin Linnaeus 1753.
Calosmon benzoin	Calosmon benzoin (Linnaeus) J. Presl, in Berchtold & J. Presl, Prir. Rostlin 2(Laurac.): 71. 1825.	BASIONYM: Laurus benzoin Linnaeus 1753.
Laurus benzoin	Laurus benzoin Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 370. 1753.		TYPE: VIRGINIA: Cult. in Hartekamp, Netherlands, Clifford s.n. (lectotype: BM). Lectotypified by Fernald, Rhodora 47: 141. 1945.
Laurus fragrans	Laurus fragrans Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 344. 1796, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Laurus benzoin Linnaeus 1753.
Laurus pseudobenzoin	Laurus pseudobenzoin Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 243. 1803.		TYPE: "Canada ad Floridam",
Lindera benzoin var. pubescens	Lindera benzoin (Linnaeus) Blume, var. pubescens (E. J. Palmer & Steyermark) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 413. 1939.	BASIONYM: Benzoin aestivale (Linnaeus) Nees von Esenbeck, var. pubescens E. J. Palmer & Steyermark 1935.
Lindera benzoin var. verna	Lindera benzoin (Linnaeus) Blume, var. verna Meisner, in de Candolle, Prodr. 15(1): 244. 1864, nom. inadmiss.	BASIONYM: Lindera benzoin (Linnaeus) Blume 1851; Laurus benzoin Linnaeus 1753.
Ozanthes benzoin	Ozanthes banzoin (Linnaeus) Rafinesque, Sylva Tellur. 133. 1838.	BASIONYM: Laurus benzoin Linnaeus 1753.
Benzoin aestivale forma xanthocarpum	Benzoin aestivale (Linnaeus) Nees von Esenbeck, forma xanthocarpum G. S. Torrey, Rhodora 16: 91. 1914.		TYPE: MASSACHUSETTS: Worcester Co.: Shrewsbury, 4 Oct 1913, Lowe s.n. (holotype: GH; isotype: NEBC).
Lindera aestivalis forma xanthocarpa	Lindera aestivalis (Linnaeus) Blume, forma xanthocarpa (G. S. Torrey) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 92. 1939.	BASIONYM: Benzoin aestivale (Linnaeus) Nees von Esenbeck, forma xanthocarpum G. S. Torrey 1914.
Lindera benzoin forma xanthocarpa	Lindera benzoin (Linnaeus) Blume, forma xanthocarpa (G. S. Torrey) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 413. 1939.	BASIONYM: Benzoin aestivale (Linnaeus) Nees von Esenbeck, forma xanthocarpa G. S. Torrey 1914.

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen	Notes
USA	Florida	Putnam Co.	28 Apr 1990	S. L. Orzell 13245
USA	Florida	Jackson Co.	24 Feb 1991	S. L. Orzell 16032
USA	Florida	Brevard Co.	01 Feb 1988	R. B. McCartney s.n.
USA	Florida	Brevard Co.	25 Jun 1988	R. B. McCartney s.n.
USA	Florida	Jackson Co.	27 Jun 1981	D. S. Correll 52096
USA	Florida	Gadsden Co.	25 Jul 1956	R. K. Godfrey 54977
USA	Florida	Jackson Co.	09 Feb 1957	R. K. Godfrey 55327
USA	Florida	Putnam Co.	19 May 1993	S. L. Orzell 21945
USA	Missouri	St. Louis Co.	26 Aug 1974	J. Slama 61	CULTIVATED.
USA	South Carolina	Aiken Co.	27 Jul 1988	R. B. McCartney s.n.	CULTIVATED. May be of South Carolina or Tennessee origin.
USA	Florida	Marion Co.	04 Jun 1963	C. F. Caudle 2011
USA	Arkansas	Independence Co.	06 Jun 1968	R. D. Thomas 7953
USA	South Carolina	Greenville Co.	22 Jun 1992	S. R. Hill 23485
USA	North Carolina	Madison Co.	12 May 1980	E. W. Wood 4590
USA	Arkansas	Independence Co.	21 Jul 1970	R. D. Thomas 20072
USA	Mississippi	Benton Co.	06 Jun 1957	G. R. Cooley 5134
USA	Mississippi	Tate Co.	05 Jun 1957	J. D. Ray, Jr. 5060
USA	Mississippi	Benton Co.	06 Jun 1957	J. D. Ray, Jr. 5134
USA	North Carolina	Iredell Co.	09 Sep 1966	A. E. Radford 45144
USA	Tennessee	Cocke Co.	18 May 1977	P. Genelle 2772
USA	South Carolina	Aiken Co.	27 Jul 1988	R. B. McCartney s.n.
USA	South Carolina	Aiken Co.	14 Mar 1988	R. B. McCartney s.n.
USA	Mississippi	Tate Co.	05 Jun 1957	J. D. Ray, Jr. 5060
USA	Tennessee	Montgomery Co.	20 Sep 1941	R. E. Shanks 841
USA	Tennessee	Overton Co.	25 Aug 2000	V. E. McNeilus 00-926
USA	North Carolina	Polk Co.	26 Mar 1992	S. R. Hill 22869
USA	North Carolina	Jones Co.	17 Apr 1999	S. R. Hill 31289
USA	Alabama	Crenshaw Co.	27 Jul 2008	A. R. Diamond 19636
USA	Tennessee	Cocke Co.	23 Mar 1977	P. Genelle 2683
USA	Mississippi	Jefferson Co.	25 Jun 1957	J. D. Ray, Jr. 8308
USA	Mississippi	Wilkinson Co.	12 Aug 1955	J. D. Ray, Jr. 5528
USA	Louisiana	Iberville Par.	19 Sep 1964	J. W. Thieret 18268
USA	North Carolina	Durham Co.	04 Apr 1963	R. L. Wilbur 6764
USA	North Carolina	McDowell Co.	11 Jun 1956	C. R. Bell 3545
USA	North Carolina	Orange Co.	12 Apr 1960	H. E. Ahles 53198
USA	Mississippi	Wilkinson Co.	12 Aug 1955	J. D. Ray, Jr. 5528
USA	Louisiana	Caldwell Par.	11 Mar 1969	R. D. Thomas 12905
USA	Georgia	Murray Co.	29 Aug 1979	S. B. Jones 23453
USA	Florida	Orange Co.	11 Oct 1929	M. Mulvania s.n.
USA	Massachusetts	Bristol Co.	10/3/1903	C. Blomberg s.n.
USA	Kentucky	Allen Co.	12 Sep 1962	D. Pittillo 2551
USA	New York	Rockland Co.	22 Apr 1967	F. Lohrer s.n.
USA	Missouri	Gasconade Co.	04 Sep 1951	R. F. Thorne 10439
USA	Oklahoma	Delaware Co.	23 Apr 1961	U. T. Waterfall 16001
USA	Rhode Island		10 Oct 1908	T. Hope s.n.
USA	West Virginia	Barbour Co.	25 Aug 1958	K. Nestor s.n.
USA	Ohio	Shelby Co.	15 Jul 2011	A. R. Franck 2650
USA	Ohio	Delaware Co.	20 Jul 2000	S. R. Hill 32690
USA	Massachusetts		25 Aug 1895	E. F. Williams s.n.
USA	Missouri	Ripley Co.	17 Apr 2004	S. R. Hill 35853
USA	Illinois	Massac Co.	27 May 2004	S. R. Hill 35894
USA	Virginia	Chesterfield Co.	05 Aug 1985	S. A. Thompson 2572
USA	Maryland	Worcester Co.	25 Mar 2011	W. D. Longbottom 14636
USA	Illinois	Pulaski Co.	11 Sep 1996	S. R. Hill 28714
USA	Connecticut	Hartford Co.	08 Aug 1988	S. R. Hill 19796
USA	Maryland	Baltimore Co.	27 Sep 1988	S. R. Hill 19999
USA	West Virginia	Randolph Co.	14 Apr 1989	S. R. Hill 20463
USA	Maryland	Cecil Co.	01 Oct 1905	J. F. Sempers s.n.
USA	Virginia	Surry Co.	23 Jun 1976	L. J. Musselman 4947
USA	West Virginia	Randolph Co.	Dec 1908	Huron H. Smith 1804
USA	Rhode Island		26 Apr 1908	T. Hope s.n.
USA	Massachusetts	Middlesex Co.	30 Apr 1906	M. L. Fernald s.n.
USA	Connecticut	New London Co.	07 Oct 1906	M. L. Fernald s.n.
USA	Massachusetts		19 Apr 1895	E. F. Williams s.n.	Second species on collection sheet; 28 Apr 1895, Locality: Purgatory, Norwood, Mass.
USA	Massachusetts	Norfolk Co.	06 May 1933	A. R. Hodgdon s.n.
USA	Massachusetts	Suffolk Co.	26 Sep 1885	C. E. Faxon s.n.
			22 Jun 1885	C. Needham s.n.
USA	New York	Washington Co.	24 Aug 1928	F. Dobbin s.n.
USA	Massachusetts	Middlesex Co.	01 May 1951	J. L. Hannican s.n.
USA	Massachusetts		1883	M. Rodman s.n.
Canada	Ontario	Brant Co.	21 May 1975	J. C. Semple 1212
USA			10 Sep 1892	M. E. Gilbreth s.n.
USA	South Carolina	Calhoun Co.	28 Aug 2017	J. B. Nelson 37509

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

Web Development: USF Water Institute

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Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

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