Primula meadia

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	PRIMULACEAE
Species:	Primula meadia (L.)A.R.Mast & Reveal
Common Name:	SHOOTINGSTAR; PRIDE-OF-OHIO
Status:	Native, Endangered-State, FACU (NWPL)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	ERICALES
Family	PRIMULACEAE
Genus	Primula
Species	Primula meadia (L.)A.R.Mast & Reveal - SHOOTINGSTAR; PRIDE-OF-OHIO

Citation

Citation	PRIMULA MEADIA (Linnaeus) A. R. Mast & Reveal, Brittonia 59: 81. 2007.
Basionym:	Dodecatheon meadia Linnaeus 1753.
Type:	Without data (lectotype: Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, App. t. 1. 1747). Lectotypified by Dandy, Sloane Herb. 112. 1958.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Gadsden	USF

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Dodecatheon meadia	Dodecatheon meadia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 144. 1753.		TYPE: Without data (lectotype: Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, App. t. 1. 1747). Lectotypified by Dandy, Sloane Herb. 112. 1958.
Dodecatheon meadia subsp. eumeadia	Dodecatheon meadia Linnaeus, subsp. eumeadia R. Knuth, in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4(Heft 22): 237. 1905, nom. inadmiss.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon meadia Linnaeus 1753.
Dodecatheon meadia var. genuinum	Dodecatheon meadia Linnaeus, var. genuinum Fassett, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 31: 463. 1944, nom. inadmiss.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon meadia Linnaeus 1753.
Dodecatheon reflexum	Dodecatheon reflexum Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 118. 1796, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon meadia Linnaeus 1753.
Meadia dodecathea	Meadia dodecathea Crantz, Inst. Rei Herb. 2: 309. 1766.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon meadia Linnaeus 1753.
Dodecatheon angustifolium	Dodecatheon angustifolium Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 4: 40. 1818.		TYPE: KENTUCKY:
Dodecatheon brachycarpum	Dodecatheon brachycarpum Small, Fl. S.E. U.S. 906, 1336. 1903.
Dodecatheon crenatum	Dodecatheon crenatum Rafinesque, Atl. J. 180. 1833.		TYPE: ILLINOIS:
Dodecatheon cuneatum	Dodecatheon cuneatum Rafinesque, Atl. J. 179. 1833.		TYPE: MARYLAND:
Dodecatheon ellipticum	Dodecatheon ellipticum Rafinesque, Atl. J. 178. 1833.		TYPE: VIRGINIA:
Dodecatheon flexuosum	Dodecatheon flexuosum Rafinesque, Atl. J. 180. 1833.		TYPE: MISSOURI:
Dodecatheon hugeri	Dodecatheon hugeri Small, Fl. S.E. U.S. 906, 1336. 1903.		TYPE: GEORGIA: Ozark Co.: Gainesville, 22 Apr 1897, Huger s.n. (holotype: NY).
Dodecatheon integrifolium	Dodecatheon integrifolium Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 123. 1803.
Dodecatheon integrifolium var. vulgare	Dodecatheon integrifolium Michaux, var. vulgare Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 118. 1838, nom. inadmiss.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon integrifolium Michaux 1803.
Dodecatheon longifolium	Dodecatheon longifolium Rafinesque, Atl. J. 180. 1833, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon angustifolium Rafinesque 1818.
Dodecatheon lutescens	Dodecatheon lutescens C. Z. Nelson, Natl. Hort. Mag. 2: 16. 1923.		TYPE: KENTUCKY: Hardin Co.: Along Otter Creek, 32 mi. SW of Louisville, s.d., Nelson s.n. (holotype: WIS).
Dodecatheon meadia forma album	Dodecatheon meadia Linnaeus, forma album J. F. Macbride, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 129. 1930.		TYPE: ILLINOIS: Winnebago Co.: Rockford, 19 Jun 1927, Macbride 7073 (holotype: F).
Dodecatheon meadia forma pallidum	Dodecatheon meadia Linnaeus, forma pallidum Fassett, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 31: 465. 1944.		TYPE: ARKANSAS: Madison Co.: Pettigrew, 17 Apr 1940, Fassestt & Moore 21560 (holotype: WIS).
Dodecatheon meadia forma sedens	Dodecatheon meadia Linnaeus, forma sedens Fassett, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 31: 463. 1944.		TYPE: MISSOURI: Taney Co.: Forsythe, 19 Apr 1938, Jones s.n. (holotype: WIS).
Dodecatheon meadia subsp. brachycarpum	Dodecatheon meadia Linnaeus, subsp. brachycarpum (Small) R. Knuth, in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4(Heft 22): 237. 1905.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon brachycarpum Small 1903.
Dodecatheon meadia subsp. hugeri	Dodecatheon meadia Linnaeus, subsp. hugeri (Small) R. Knuth, in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4(Heft 22): 237. 1905.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon hugeri Small 1903.
Dodecatheon meadia var. brachycarpum	Dodecatheon meadia Linnaeus, var. brachycarpum (Small) Fassett, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 31: 463. 1944.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon brachycarpum Small 1903.
Dodecatheon meadia var. obesum	Dodecatheon meadia Linnaeus, var. obesum Fassett, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 31: 466. 1944.		TYPE: ALABAMA: Wilcos Co.: Without locality, 1841, Buckley s.n. (holotype: NY).
Dodecatheon meadia var. stanfieldii	Dodecatheon meadia Linnaeus, var. stanfieldii (Small) Fassett, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 31: 466. 1944.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon stanfieldii Small 1903.
Dodecatheon obovatum	Dodecatheon obovatum Rafinesque, Atl. J. 179. 1833.		TYPE: VIRGINIA:
Dodecatheon obtusum	Dodecatheon obtusum Rafinesque, Atl. J. 180. 1833.		TYPE: ARKANSAS:
Dodecatheon ovatum	Dodecatheon ovatum Rafinesque, Atl. J. 179. 1833.		TYPE: NORTH CAROLINA:
Dodecatheon parviflorum	Dodecatheon parviflorum Rafinesque, Atl. J. 180. 1833.		TYPE: PENNSYLVANIA:
Dodecatheon parvifolium	Dodecatheon parvifolium Rafinesque, Atl. J. 179. 1833.		TYPE: TENNESSEE:
Dodecatheon serratum	Dodecatheon serratum Rafinesque, Atl. J. 179. 1833.		TYPE: ILLINOIS:
Dodecatheon stanfieldii	Dodecatheon stanfieldii Small, Fl. S.E. U.S. 906, 1336. 1903.		TYPE: TEXAS: Hays Co.: San Marcos, 1896, Stanfield s.n. (holotype: NY).
Dodecatheon undatum	Dodecatheon undatum Rafinesque, Atl. J. 179. 1833.		TYPE: OHIO:
Dodecatheon uniflorum	Dodecatheon uniflorum Rafinesque, Atl. J. 180. 1833.		TYPE: PENNSYLVANIA:
Dodecatheon vulgare	Dodecatheon vulgare Piper, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 445. 1906, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon integrifolium Michaux, var. vulgare Hooker 1838, nom. inadmiss.; Dodecatheon integrifolium Michaux 1803.
Meadia crenata	Meadia crenata (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, Autik. Bot. 186. 1840.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon crenatum Rafinesque 1833.
Meadia cuneata	Meadia cuneata (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, Autik. Bot. 185. 1840.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon cuneatum Rafinesque 1833.
Meadia elliptica	Meadia elliptica (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, Autik. Bot. 185. 1840.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon ellipticum Rafinesque 1833.
Meadia flexuosa	Meadia triflora (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, Autik. Bot. 186. 1840, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon flexuosum Rafinesque 1833.
Meadia obovata	Meadia obovata (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, Autik. Bot. 185. 1840.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon obovatum Rafinesque 1833.
Meadia ovata	Meadia ovata (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, Autik. BOt. 185. 1840.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon ovatum Rafinesque 1833.
Meadia parvifolia	Meadia parvifolia (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, Autik. Bot. 185. 1840.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon parvifolium Rafinesque 1833.
Meadia serrata	Meadia serrata (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, Autik. Bot. 185. 1840.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon serratum Rafinesque 1833.
Meadia undata	Meadia undata (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, Autik. Bot. 186. 1840.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon undatum Rafinesque 1833.
Meadia uniflora	Meadia uniflora (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, Autik. Bot. 186. 1840.	BASIONYM: Dodecatheon uniflorum Rafinesque 1833.

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen
USA	Florida	Gadsden Co.	01 Apr 1986	L. C. Anderson 9194
USA	Georgia	Catoosa Co.	06 May 1951	W. H. Duncan 12351
USA	Alabama	Tuscaloosa Co.	11 Apr 1992	S. R. Hill 22907
USA	Alabama	Franklin Co.	15 Apr 1955	G. R. Cooley 3459
USA	Alabama	Tuscaloosa Co.	23 Mar 1955	C. D. Chermock 3
USA	South Carolina	Abbeville Co.	29 Mar 1957	A. E. Radford 20042
USA	Tennessee	Rutherford Co.	30 Apr 1965	D. Demaree 52063
USA	Alabama		16 Mar 1935	R. M. Harper 3300
USA	Mississippi	Tishomingo Co.	10 Apr 1979	K. E. Rogers 46553
USA	Arkansas	Madison Co.	22 Apr 1961	U. T. Waterfall 15980

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

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Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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Associated Ecological Communities

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Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

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