Smilax havanensis

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

Browse Photos

Consortia links

Image searches

Family:	SMILACACEAE
Species:	Smilax havanensis Jacq.
Common Name:	EVERGLADES GREENBRIER
Plant Notes:	Florida material is here maintained under S. havanensis s.lat. following Holmes (in FNA, vol. 26). Smilax gracilior was stated to be endemic to Cuba and the Bahamas, characterized by chartaceous leaves with 3-5(-7) thin primary veins (Ferrufino-Acosta 2010), but simultaneously Florida specimens were annotated as S. gracilior.
Status:	Native, Threatened-State
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	LILIALES
Family	SMILACACEAE
Genus	Smilax
Species	Smilax havanensis Jacq. - EVERGLADES GREENBRIER

Citation

Citation	SMILAX HAVANENSIS Jacquin, Enum. Syst. Pl. 33. 1760.
Basionym:	**
Type:	CUBA:

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Miami-Dade	USF
Monroe Keys	USF

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Smilax gracilior	Smilax gracilior Ferrufino & Greuter, Fl. Rep. Cuba, Ser. A, Pl. Vasc. 16(5): 10. 2010.		TYPE: CUBA: Holguín: Mun. Banes: Between Punta Gorda and Punta Manglito, Cabo Lucrecia, 21 Oct 1978, Bisse et al. HFC 38434 (holotype: HAJB; isotypes: B, JE).
Smilax havanensis subvar. ovata	Smilax havanensis Jacquin, subvar. ovata Alph. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 1: 123. 1878, nom. inadmiss.	BASIONYM: Smilax havanensis Jacquin 1760.
Smilax havanensis var. vulgaris	Smilax havanensis Jacquin, var. vulgaris Alph. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 1: 123. 1878, nom. inadmiss.	BASIONYM: Smilax havanensis Jacquin 1760.
Smilax coriacea var. ilicifolia	Smilax coriacea Sprengel, var. ilicifolia (Desvaux ex Hamilton) O. E. Schulz, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 150. 1903.	BASIONYM: Smilax ilicifolia Desvaux ex Hamilton 1825.
Smilax dentata	Smilax dentata Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 4: 774. 1806.		TYPE: CUBA: Havana: Between Havana and Guanabacoa, s.d., Humboldt & Bonpland 1321 (holotype: B-W; isotypes: P).
Smilax guianensis var. subarmata	Smilax guianensis Vitman, var. subarmata O. E. Schulz, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 149. 1903.		TYPE: PUERTO RICO:
Smilax havanensis forma inermis	Smilax havanensis Jacquin, forma inermis O. E. Schulz, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 5: 41. 1903.		TYPE: CUBA: Without data, Sagra s.n. (holotype: B(destr.)).
Smilax havanensis subvar. dentata	Smilax havanensis Jacquin, subvar. dentata (Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow) Alph. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 1: 123. 1878.	BASIONYM: Smilax dentata Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow 1806.
Smilax havanensis var. armata	Smilax havanensis Jacquin, var. armata O. E. Schulz, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 5: 41. 1903.		TYPE: CUBA: Havana: Vedado, s.d., Torralbas 79 (holotype: B(destr.)).
Smilax havanensis var. dentata	Smilax havanensis Jacquin, var. dentata (Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow) Alph. de Candolle ex O. E. Schulz, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 5: 40. 1903.	BASIONYM: Smilax dentata Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow 1806.
Smilax havanensis var. portoricensis	Smilax havanensis Jacquin, var. portoricensis Alph. de Candolle, Monogr. Phan. 1: 124. 1878.		TYPE: PUERTO RICO:
Smilax ilicifolia	Smilax ilicifolia Desvaux ex Hamilton, Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occid. 58. 1825.
Smilax subarmata	Smilax subarmata (O. E. Schulz) O. E. Schulz, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 5: 28. 1904.	BASIONYM: Smilax guianensis Vitman, var. subarmata O. E. Schulz 1903.

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen	Notes
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	13 Nov 1964	O. K. Lakela 27902
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	25 Jun 1966	R. W. Long 1822	Sheet 1 of 2
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	25 Jun 1966	R. W. Long 1822	Sheet 2 of 2
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	10 Jul 1971	C. P. Sreemadhavan 5074
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	14 Mar 1982	R. P. Sauleda 7036
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	09 Jun 1973	F. Almeda 1939
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	12 Dec 1974	J. E. Poppleton s.n.
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	30 Nov 1991	R. Mears s.n.
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	26 Oct 1969	O. K. Lakela 31920
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	07 Feb 1979	W. C. Brumbach 9453
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	03 Apr 1996	G. Gann 460
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	02 Apr 1996	G. Gann 414
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	17 Jul 1964	O. K. Lakela 27248
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	11 Aug 1963	O. K. Lakela 26143
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	May 1928	J. K. Small s.n.	Sheet 1 of 2
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	May 1928	J. K. Small s.n.	Sheet 2 of 2
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	11 Feb 1967	R. W. Long 2485
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	13 Oct 1962	G. R. Cooley 9291
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	03 Oct 1962	F. C. Craighead s.n.
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	06 Aug 1966	R. W. Long 2074
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	18 Aug 1987	B. F. Hansen 11420
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	21 Jun 2014	A. R. Franck 3408
Cayman Islands	Grand Cayman Island		23 Aug 1971	N. Chevalier 176
Bahamas	Great Abaco Island		17 Dec 1979	R. P. Wunderlin 8576
Bahamas	Cat Island		11 Jul 1983	R. P. Sauleda 8328
Bahamas	Eleuthera Island		27 Dec 1969	W. H. Lewis 7463
Bahamas	Cat Island		15 Dec 1979	R. P. Wunderlin 8366
Bahamas	Little Abaco Island		27 Jun 1980	R. P. Sauleda 3643
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	11 Jan 1968	H. W. Barrick 38
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	31 Dec 2015	A. R. Franck 3995

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

Filter by County - Counties to Include - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to include with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to include with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will be found within each of the selected counties.

Filter by County - Counties to Exclude - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will not be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will not be found within any of the selected counties.

Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

Web Development: USF Water Institute

A member of the University of South Florida family of PlantAtlas.org websites

Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

Search Help

Select the criterion by which you wish to search (Scientific name, Genus, Family, etc.) and enter that information into the provided field.

Hint: Correct spelling is necessary for desired results, but because this function is a string search the full name need not be entered. Any correct part of a taxon name can be entered and a choice of the correct one made from the small list of resulting matches.

For example, matching the full name exactly in a Scientific Name search for Piptochaetium avenacioides may be difficult, but strings of either tium aven or avenaci or m avenac or pipto will all result in very small lists of matches. The intended name can then be chosen from any of those lists. Usually, the last letter (or two) of a given genus, a space, and the first few correct letters of the specific epithet will provide a sufficiently short list containing the desired taxon.

A similar example in a Common Name search is Virginia snakeroot. Searching using "snake root" will yield no results due to the extra space, but searching "snake" will generate a short list of plants with the word "snake" in the common name. Furthermore, a search of "Virginia snake" or even "nia snak" yields one result: Virginia snakeroot.

If, after following the above advice, then difficulties are still encountered please use the "browse" feature.

Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

Only plant populations vouchered by specimens deposited in Index Herbariorum http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ recognized herbaria are represented on this map.