Zamia integrifolia

Family:ZAMIACEAE
Species:Zamia integrifolia L.f.
Common Name:FLORIDA ARROWROOT; COONTIE
Plant Notes:Two varieties of this species in Florida are recognized by Griffith et al. (2021) and five were recognized by Ward (2016). This taxonomy recognizes Z. integrifolia as native to Florida and the Bahamas, and Z. pumila as endemic to the West Indies (Stevenson 1987; Salas-Leiva et al. 2013; Ward 2016). Previous taxonomies had used Z. pumila to refer to plants in Florida (Eckenwalder 1980). The starchy subterranean stem has been used a food source (Clevenger 1921; Hann 1986; Austin 2004). The plant also contains the toxic azoxy glycoside cycasin (Castillo-Guevara & Rico-Gray 2003), and food from Zamia must be properly prepared to remove this toxin. The butterfly Eumaeus atala accumulates cycasin as it feeds on Zamia (Rothschild et al. 1986.) BMAA is a neurodegenerative toxic amino acid that is potentially found in this species (Schneider et al. 2002), probably produced by the plant and not cyanobactera (Solonenka 2023).
Status:Native
Specimen: View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order CYCADALES
FamilyZAMIACEAE
Genus Zamia
Species Zamia integrifolia L.f. - FLORIDA ARROWROOT; COONTIE

Citation

Citation ZAMIA INTEGRIFOLIA Linnaeus f., in Aiton, Hort. Kew. 3: 478. 1789, nom. cons.
Basionym: **
Type: FLORIDA: "East Florida", cultivated at Kew Gardens, s.d., Aiton s.n. (holotype: BM), typ. cons.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

CountyHerbariaLiterature Citation (If Applicable)
Alachua USF  
Brevard FLAS  
Broward USF  
Charlotte USF  
Citrus USF  
Collier USF  
DeSoto USF  
Dixie USF  
Flagler USF  
Gadsden FSU  
Gilchrist USF  
Glades USF  
Hardee USF  
Hendry USF  
Highlands FLAS  
Hillsborough USF  
Jackson FSU  
Lake USF  
Lee USF  
Levy USF  
Madison FSU  
Manatee USF  
Marion USF  
Miami-Dade USF  
Monroe Keys USF  
Palm Beach FLAS  
Pasco USF  
Pinellas FLAS  
Polk USF  
Putnam USF  
Sarasota USF  
Seminole FLAS  
St. Johns USF  
St. Lucie FLAS  
Sumter USF  
Suwannee FLAS  
Taylor USF  
Volusia USF  

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

SynonymFull CitationBasionymType
Palmifolium floridanum Palmifolium floridanum (Alph. de Candolle) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 803. 1891.BASIONYM: Zamia floridana Alph. de Candolle 1868. 
Palmifolium integrifolium Palmifolium integrifolium (Linnaeus f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 803. 1891.BASIONYM: Zamia integrifolia Linnaeus f. 1789. 
Palmifolium medium Palmifolium medium (Jacquin) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 803. 1891.BASIONYM: Zamia media Jacquin 1798. 
Zamia angustifolia var. floridana Zamia angustifolia Jacquin, var. floridana (Alph. de Candolle) Regel, Gartenflora 27: 13. 1878.BASIONYM: Zamia floridana Alph. de Candolle 1868. 
Zamia floridana Zamia floridana Alph. de Candolle, in de Candolle, Prodr. 16(2): 544. 1868. TYPE: FLORIDA: Hillsborough Co.: Fort Brooke, s.d., Hulse s.n. (lectotype: G-DC; isotype: NY fragm). Lectotypified by Eckenwalder, J. Arnold Arbor. 61: 716. 1980.
Zamia floridana var. purshiana Zamia floridana Alph. de Candolle, var. purshiana J. Schuster, in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4(Heft 99): 151. 1932.BASIONYM: Zamia integrifolia Linnaeus f. 1789. 
Zamia floridana var. silvicola Zamia floridana Alph. de Candolle, var. silvicola (Small) J. Schuster, in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4(Heft 99): 152. 1932.BASIONYM: Zamia silvicola Small 1926. 
Zamia floridana var. umbrosa Zamia floridana Alph. de Candolle, var. umbrosa (Small) D. B. Ward, Novon 11: 363. 2001.BASIONYM: Zamia umbrosa Small 1921. 
Zamia integrifolia var. broomei Zamia integrifolia Linnaeus f.,. var. broomei D. B. Ward, Phytologia 98: 175. 2016. TYPE: FLORIDA: Alachua Co.: 9700 block, SW 44th Avenue (Haile Plantation) 2 Jan 2015, Ward 10791 (holotype: FLAS; isotype: NY).
Zamia integrifolia var. floridana Zamia integrifolia Linnaeus f.,. var. floridana (Alph. de Candolle) D. B. Ward, Phytologia 98: 175. 2016.BASIONYM: Zamia floridana Alph. de Candolle 1868. 
Zamia integrifolia var. silvicola Zamia integrifolia Linnaeus f.,. var. silvicola (Small) D. B. Ward, Phytologia 98: 176. 2016.BASIONYM: Zamia silvicola Small 1926. 
Zamia integrifolia var. umbrosa Zamia integrifolia Linnaeus f.,. var. umbrosa (Small) D. B. Ward, Phytologia 98: 173. 2016.BASIONYM: Zamia umbrosa Small 1921. 
Zamia media Zamia media Jacquin, Pl. Hort. Schoenbr. 3: 77, t. 397-398. 1798. TYPE: "West Indies", without data, (lectotype: Jacquin, Pl. Hort. Schoenbr. 3: pl. 398. 1798.). Lectotypified by Eckenwalder, J. Arnold Arbor. 61: 715. 1980.
Zamia media var. jacquiniana Zamia media Jacquin, var. jacquiniana J. Schuster, in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4(Heft 99): 157. 1932, nom. inadmiss.BASIONYM: Zamia media Jacquin 1798. 
Zamia silvicola Zamia silvicola Small, J. New York Bot. Gard. 27: 128, fig. 1-2. 1926. TYPE: FLORIDA: Citrus Co.: "Spanish Mound" hammock near Crystal River, 20 Nov 1921, Small et al. 10060 (holotype: NY).
Zamia umbrosa Zamia umbrosa Small, J. New York Bot. Gard. 22: 136. 1921. TYPE: FLORIDA: Volusia Co.: Daytona Beach, 8 May 1918, Small 8679 (lectotype: NY; isolectotypes: DUKE, FLAS, GH). Lectotypified by Eckenwalder, J. Arnold Arbor. 61: 716. 1980.
Palmifolium tenue Palmifolium tenue (Willdenow) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 803. 1891.BASIONYM: Zamia tenuis Willdenow 1806. 
Zamia media forma brevipinnata Zamia media Jacquin, forma brevipinnata J. Schuster, in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4(Heft 99): 158. 1932. TYPE: CUBA: Oriente: Holguin to Myabe, 1-6 Apr 1909, Shafer 1406 (lectotype: B; isolectotypes: F, NY). Lectotypified by Eckenwalder, J. Arnold Arbor. 61: 717. 1980.
Zamia media forma calcicola Zamia media Jacquin, forma calcicola J. Schuster, in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4(Heft 99): 155. 1932. TYPE: CUBA: Pinar del Rio, Banos de San Vicente, s.d., Britton et al. 7392 (holotype: B; isotypes: GH, NY).
Zamia media var. tenuis Zamia media Jacquin, var. tenuis (Willdenow) J. Schuster, in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4(Heft 99): 158. 1932.BASIONYM: Zamia tenuis Willdenow 1806. 
Zamia tenuis Zamia tenuis Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 4: 846. 1806. TYPE: BAHAMA ISLANDS: Without data, cult. Hort. Berol., s.n., Willdenow s.n. (holotype: B-W; isotype: NY fragm).

Specimens

Country State County Date Specimen Notes Image
USA Florida Miami-Dade Co. 02 Jul 1967 J. Beckner 1775
USA Florida Broward Co. 19 Apr 1966 O. K. Lakela 29688 [Both Lakela and Long assigned numbers to this specimen.]
USA Florida Miami-Dade Co. 16 Jun 1937 C. J. Chamberlain s.n.
USA Florida DeSoto Co. 09 Oct 1974 A.G. Shuey s.n.
USA Florida Miami-Dade Co. 1938 C. J. Chamberlain s.n.
USA Florida Broward Co. 07 Apr 1959 W. C. Sturtevant 14
USA Florida Levy Co. 10 Sep 1954 D. Demaree 36134
USA Florida Flagler Co. 06 Jan 1977 G. P. Landry 51
USA Florida St. Johns Co. 03 Dec 1960 D. B. Ward 2362
USA Florida Citrus Co. 07 Nov 1964 R. W. Long 1304
USA Florida Marion Co. 07 Nov 1964 K. Norstog s.n.
USA Florida Miami-Dade Co. 14 Oct 1962 G. R. Cooley 9322
USA Florida Miami-Dade Co. 14 Oct 1962 G. R. Cooley 9322 Sheet 2 of 2.
USA Florida Manatee Co. 22 Nov 1976 A.G. Shuey 1808
USA Florida Miami-Dade Co. 20 Dec 1966 O. K. Lakela 30442 Sheet 1 of 2.
USA Florida Miami-Dade Co. 20 Dec 1966 O. K. Lakela 30442 Sheet 2 of 2.
USA Florida DeSoto Co. 24 Feb 1977 A.G. Shuey 1856
USA Florida Marion Co. 18 Dec 1978 R. P. Wunderlin 6544
USA Florida Volusia Co. February A. H. Curtiss 2676
USA Florida Alachua Co. 05 Mar 1960 D. B. Ward 1838
USA Florida Miami-Dade Co. 31 Jul 1936 W. M. Buswell s.n.
USA Florida March A. H. Curtiss 2676
USA Florida Gilchrist Co. 08 Nov 1963 D. B. Ward 3588
USA Florida Miami-Dade Co. 01 Nov 1976 G. P. Landry 761024
USA Florida Levy Co. 25 Apr 1959 G. R. Cooley 6536
USA Florida DeSoto Co. 06 Dec 1979 G. P. Landry 3
USA Florida Marion Co. 11 Jun 1975 D. L. Martin 596
USA Florida DeSoto Co. 30 Jan 1961 R. R. Smith 30
USA Florida Miami-Dade Co. 15 Oct 1976 L. J. Musselman 5033
USA Florida DeSoto Co. 14 Feb 1977 A.G. Shuey 1867
USA Florida Taylor Co. 25 Jan 1955 R. K. Godfrey 52817
USA Florida Putnam Co. 22 Jun 1951 G. R. Cooley 170
USA Florida Citrus Co. 02 Feb 1964 O. K. Lakela 26820
USA Florida Monroe Co. 09 Jun 1973 O. K. Lakela 32203
USA Florida DeSoto Co. 30 Sep 1977 A. Fulton 13
USA Florida Polk Co. 23-30 Dec 1925 O. E. Jennings s.n.
USA Florida Levy Co. 25 Jan 1955 R. K. Godfrey 52834
USA Florida Glades Co. 27 Jan 1961 D. A. Ward 2423
USA Florida Levy Co. 16 Sep 1959 G. R. Cooley 6992
USA Florida Miami-Dade Co. 18 Feb 1965 R. Metzger 57
USA Florida DeSoto Co. 06 Dec 1978 A. Fulton 316
USA Florida Alachua Co. 12 Jun 1979 G. P. Landry 45
USA Florida Citrus Co. 13 Jun 1979 G. P. Landry 47
USA Florida Marion Co. 14 Jun 1979 G. P. Landry 49
USA Florida Taylor Co. 11 Jun 1979 G. P. Landry 40
USA Florida Levy Co. 12 Jun 1979 G. P. Landry 46
USA Florida Dixie Co. 11 Jun 1979 G. P. Landry 42
USA Florida Alachua Co. 12 Jun 1979 G. P. Landry 44
USA Florida Gilchrist Co. 12 Jun 1979 G. P. Landry 43
USA Florida DeSoto Co. 05 Dec 1979 G. P. Landry s.n.
USA Florida Miami-Dade Co. 08 Dec 1979 G. P. Landry 4
USA Florida Polk Co. 07 Nov 1981 K. R. DeLaney s.n.
USA Florida Levy Co. 27 Dec 1990 R. M. Tryon 7486
USA Florida Pasco Co. 11 Oct 2002 C. vanHoek WB0266
USA Florida Hillsborough Co. 30 Jan 2008 S. Dickman s.n.
USA Florida Gilchrist Co. 25 Oct 1985 B. F. Hansen 10748
USA Florida Sumter Co. 21 Oct 2001 M. T. Strong 2901
USA Florida Lee Co. 26 Dec 1990 I. Phillips 182
USA Florida DeSoto Co. 31 Jul 2008 A. R. Franck 748
USA Florida Charlotte Co. 20 Mar 2000 S.W. Braem DP0230
USA Florida Charlotte Co. 10 Nov 2000 S.W. Braem DP0231
USA Florida Lake Co. 15 Apr 1938 T. Erck s.n.
USA Florida Broward Co. 09 Dec 1979 G. P. Landry 5
USA Florida Miami-Dade Co. 18 Dec 1974 J. E. Poppleton s.n.
USA Florida Manatee Co. 07 Oct 1974 A.G. Shuey s.n.
USA Florida Charlotte Co. 12 Jun 1981 A.G. Shuey 2447
USA Florida Citrus Co. 18 Mar 1980 B. F. Hansen 6888
USA Florida Levy Co. 20 May 1982 B. F. Hansen 9627
USA Florida Sarasota Co. 19 Mar 2006 J. M. Kunzer 1492
USA Florida Lee Co. 18 Feb 2005 J. M. Kunzer 936
USA Florida Pasco Co. 08 Sep 2006 S.W. Braem AK0042
USA Florida DeSoto Co. 23 Feb 2009 A. R. Franck 1136
USA Florida Charlotte Co. 11 May 2009 A. R. Franck 1257
USA Florida Pasco Co. 19 Aug 2003 E. M. Ferguson 310
USA Florida Hillsborough Co. 22 Mar 2006 C. vanHoek HR0440
USA Florida Collier Co. 27 Feb 2003 E. Jensen DW0086
USA Florida DeSoto Co. 05 Apr 2010 A. R. Franck 1838
USA Florida Flagler Co. 25 Feb 2005 J. M. Kunzer 948
USA Florida Volusia Co. 30 Dec 2005 J. M. Kunzer 1256
USA Florida Putnam Co. 17 May 2007 K. M. Meyer 94
USA Florida Charlotte Co. 11 Sep 2011 A. R. Franck 2834
USA Florida Sarasota Co. 14 Feb 2008 D. Griffin OS0638
USA Florida Hillsborough Co. 05 Jan 2012 S. Dickman s.n.
USA Florida Lee Co. 14 Nov 2007 S.W. Braem EB0059
Bahamas New Providence Island 14-16 Jun 1965 R. W. Long 1323
Bahamas Great Abaco Island 14 Dec 1979 R. P. Wunderlin 8324
Dominican Republic La Romana Prov. 14 Aug 1982 R. P. Sauleda 7439
USA Florida Monroe Co. 1966 J. C. Gaitan 61
USA Florida Miami-Dade Co. 26 Apr 1972 M. J. Andrejko 319 CULTIVATED.
USA Florida Miami-Dade Co. 16 Feb 1972 M. J. Andrejko 6
USA Florida Hillsborough Co. 22 Jul 1965 K. Norstog 196501 CULTIVATED.
USA Florida Hillsborough Co. 22 Jul 1965 K. Norstog 196503 CULTIVATED.
USA Florida Hillsborough Co. 22 Jul 1965 K. Norstog 196502 CULTIVATED.
USA Florida Hillsborough Co. 22 Jul 1965 K. Norstog 196504 CULTIVATED.
USA Florida Hillsborough Co. 06 Jun 2011 S. Dickman 387
USA Florida Miami-Dade Co. 12 Jul 2015 A. R. Franck 3925
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