Viola rafinesquei

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	VIOLACEAE
Species:	Viola rafinesquei Greene
Common Name:	FIELD PANSY
Status:	Native, FAC (NWPL)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	MALPIGHIALES
Family	VIOLACEAE
Genus	Viola
Species	Viola rafinesquei Greene - FIELD PANSY

Citation

Citation	VIOLA RAFINESQUEI Greene, Pittonia 4: 9. 1899
Basionym:	Viola tenella Rafinesque 1819, non Poiret 1810; Viola bicolor Pursh 1814, non Hoffmann 1804.
Type:	PENNSYLVANIA: Cumberland Co.: Connedagwinit Cave [Conodoguinct Cave, at Cave Hill Park and Nature Center, Carlisle], s.d., Pursh s.n. (lectotype: K). Lectotypified by H. E. Ballard et al., in Weakley et al., J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 14: 225. 2020.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Calhoun	USF
Escambia	USF
Gadsden	FSU
Gulf	FSU
Hamilton	FSU
Holmes	FSU
Jackson	FLAS
Jefferson	FSU
Leon	FSU
Liberty	FSU
Madison	FLAS
Marion	USF
Santa Rosa	USF
Suwannee	FLAS
Walton	USF
Washington	FSU

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Mnemion rafinesquei	Mnemion rafinesquei (Greene) Nieuwland & Kaczmarek, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3: 217. 1914.	BASIONYM: Viola rafinesquei Greene 1899; Viola tenella Rafinesque 1819, non Poiret 1810; Viola bicolor Pursh 1814, non Hoffmann 1804..
Viola bicolor	.Viola bicolor Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 175. 1814, non Hoffmann 1804.		TYPE: PENNSYLVANIA: Cumberland Co.: Connedagwinit Cave [Conodoguinct Cave, at Cave Hill Park and Nature Center, Carlisle], s.d., Pursh s.n. (lectotype: K). Lectotypified by H. E. Ballard et al., in Weakley et al., J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 14: 225. 2020.
Viola kitaibeliana var. rafinesquei	Viola kitaibeliana Roemer & Schultes, var. rafinesquei (Greene) Fernald, Rhodora 40: 443. 1938.	BASIONYM: Viola rafinesquei Greene 1899; Viola tenella Rafinesque 1819, non Poiret 1810; Viola bicolor Pursh 1814, non Hoffmann 1804..
Viola tenella	Viola tenella Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 4: 191. 1819, non Poiret 1810.	BASIONYM: Viola bicolor Pursh 1814, non Hoffmann 1804.
Viola rafinesquei forma caerulea	Viola rafinesquei Greene, forma caerulea Moldenke, Phytologia 26: 225. 1973.		TYPE: SOUTH CAROLINA: Spartanburg Co.: Chesnee, 15 Apr 1973, Moldenke & Moldenke 27062 (holotype: LL).
Viola rafinesquei forma minor	Viola rafinesquei Greene, forma minor Moldenke, Phytologia 26: 226. 1973.		TYPE: NORTH CAROLINA: Bertie Co.: Near Bertie, 20 Mar 1973, Moldenke & Moldenke 26340 (holotype: LL).

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen
USA	Florida	Walton Co.	11 Mar 1971	H. A. Davis 15599
USA	Florida	Santa Rosa Co.	16 Mar 1982	G. Wilhelm 9961
USA	Florida	Calhoun Co.	21 Mar 1992	C. vanHoek 250
USA	Florida	Calhoun Co.	08 Feb 2013	T. MacClendon 1231
USA	Florida	Escambia Co.	15 Mar 1981	G. Wilhelm 8546
USA	Florida	Walton Co.	31 Mar 1984	L. C. Anderson 6894
USA	Alabama	Greene Co.	15 Mar 2000	T. G. Lammers 10961
USA	North Carolina	Wilson Co.	09 May 1958	A. E. Radford 33082
USA	Louisiana	Caddo Par.	04 May 1959	L. H. Shinners 27764
USA	North Carolina	Forsyth Co.	22 Mar 1933	P. O. Schallert
USA	Tennessee	Johnson Co.	26 Mar 1928	A. J. Merryman
USA	Alabama	Colbert Co.	17 Apr 1955	G. R. Cooley 3514
USA	Louisiana	Bienville Par.	13 Mar 1973	P. Lohman 4
USA	North Carolina	Chatham Co.	04 Sep 1960	H. E. Ahles 53194
USA	Louisiana	Lincoln Par.	20 Mar 1975	B. Corbin 186
USA	Louisiana	Ouachita Par.	08-Feb-1967	R. D. Thomas 1603
USA	Alabama	Baldwin Co.	18 Mar 1981	G. Wilhelm 8650
USA	Georgia	Green Co.	26 Mar 1980	W. S. Judd 2587
USA	Mississippi	Tallahatchie Co.	23 Apr 1987	C. T. Bryson 5441
USA	Tennessee	Knox Co.	04 Apr 1992	V. E. McNeilus 92-45
USA	Georgia	Jones Co.	12 Apr 1985	N. L. Mawhinney
USA	North Carolina	Orange Co.	20 Mar 1967	J. F. Logue 939
USA	Georgia	Meriwether Co.	21 Apr 1955	C. E. Wood 8606
USA	Tennessee	Cocke Co.	23 Mar 1977	P. Genelle 2684
USA	Louisiana	Ouachita Par.	12 Mar 1984	D. D. Taylor 6249
USA	Louisiana	Ouachita Par.	25 Feb 1984	D. D. Taylor 6237
USA	South Carolina	Marion Co.	11 Jun 1977	D. W. Crewz 1074
USA	Georgia	DeKalb Co.	15 Apr 1952	G. R. Cooley 936
USA	North Carolina	Orange Co.	21 Mar 1953	G. R. Cooley 1818
USA	Virginia	Roanoke Co.	19 Apr 1952	G. R. Cooley 1139
USA	Alabama	Tuscaloosa Co.	26 Mar 1955	O. D. Chermock 12
USA	Alabama	Colbert Co.	17 Apr 1955	G. R. Cooley 3514
USA	North Carolina	Nash Co.	01 May 1956	H. E. Ahles 11801
USA	Louisiana	De Soto Par.	27 Mar 1960	L. H. Shinners 27821
USA	Tennessee	Knox Co.	27 Mar 1965	G. H. Morton 196
USA	Tennessee	Cocke Co.	19 May 1977	P. Genelle 2832
USA	Virginia		19 Apr 1952	G. R. Cooley 1190
USA	Florida	Marion Co.	09 Mar 2014	M. Minno s.n.

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

Filter by County - Counties to Include - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to include with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will be found within at least one of the selected counties.
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Filter by County - Counties to Exclude - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will not be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will not be found within any of the selected counties.

Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

Web Development: USF Water Institute

A member of the University of South Florida family of PlantAtlas.org websites

Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

Only plant populations vouchered by specimens deposited in Index Herbariorum http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ recognized herbaria are represented on this map.