Buglossoides arvensis

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	BORAGINACEAE
Species:	Buglossoides arvensis (L.)I.M.Johnst.
Common Name:	CORN GROMWELL
Status:	Not Native
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	BORAGINALES
Family	BORAGINACEAE
Genus	Buglossoides
Species	Buglossoides arvensis (L.)I.M.Johnst. - CORN GROMWELL

Citation

Citation	BUGLOSSOIDES ARVENSIS (Linnaeus) I. M. Johnston, J. Arnold Arbor. 35: 42. 1954.
Basionym:	Lithospermum arvense Linnaeus 1753.
Type:	Without data (lectotype: LINN 181.4). Lectotypified by Kazmi, J. Arnold Arbor. 52: 356. 1971.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Alachua	USF
Bay	FSU
Escambia	FLAS
Hillsborough	FLAS
Jackson	FSU
Jefferson	USF
Madison	USF

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Lithospermum arvense	Lithospermum arvense Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 132. 1753.		TYPE: Without data (lectotype: LINN 181.4). Lectotypified by Kazmi, J. Arnold Arbor. 52: 356. 1971.
Buglossoides arvensis forma incrassata	Buglossoides arvensis (Linnaeus) I. M. Johnston, forma incrassata (Gussone) R. Fernandes, Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 19: 96. 1973.	BASIONYM: Lithospermum incrassatum Gussone 1826.
Buglossoides arvensis subsp. gasparrinii	Buglossoides arvensis (Linnaeus) I. M. Johnston, subsp. gasparrinii (Heldreich ex Gussone) R. Fernandes, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 64: 379. 1971.	BASIONYM: Lithospermum gasparrinii Heldreich ex Gussone 1843.
Buglossoides arvensis subsp. incrassata	Buglossoides arvensis (Linnaeus) I. M. Johnston, subsp. incrassata (Gussone) Kerguélen, Lejeunia 120. 59. 1987.	BASIONYM: Lithospermum incrassatum Gussone 1826.
Buglossoides arvensis subsp. occidentalis	Buglossoides arvensis (Linnaeus) I. M. Johnston, subsp. occidentalis Franco, Nov. Fl. Portugal 2: 105, 566. 1984.		TYPE: PORTUGAL:
Buglossoides arvensis subsp. permixta	Buglossoides arvensis (Linnaeus) I. M. Johnston, subsp. permixta (Jordan ex F. W. Schultz) R. Fernandes, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 64: 379. 1971.	BASIONYM: Lithospermum permixtum Jordan ex F. W. Schultz 1855.
Buglossoides arvensis subsp. sibthorpiana	Buglossoides arvensis (Linnaeus) I. M. Johnston, subsp. sibthorpiana (Grisebach) R. Fernandes, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 64: 379. 1971.	BASIONYM: Lithospermum sibthorpianum Grisebach 1844.
Buglossoides arvensis var. caerulescens	Buglossoides arvensis (Linnaeus) I. M. Johnston, var. caerulescens (de Candolle) O. E. Eriksson et al., Fl. Macaronesia, ed. 2. 1: 92. 1979.	BASIONYM: Lithospermum arvense Linnaeus, var. coerulescens de Candolle 1846.
Buglossoides gasparrinii	Buglossoides gasparrinii (Heldreich ex Gussone) Pignatti, Giorn. Bot. Ital. 113: 360. 1980 ("1979").	BASIONYM: Lithospermum gasparrinii Heldreich ex Gussone 1843.
Buglossoides incrassata	Buglossoides incrassata (Gussone) I. M. Johnston, J. Arnold Arbor. 35: 43. 1954.	BASIONYM: Lithospermum incrassatum Gussone 1826.
Buglossoides permixta	Buglossoides permixta (Jordan ex F. W. Schultz) Holub, Preslia 58: 301. 1987.	BASIONYM: Lithospermum permixtum Jordan ex F. W. Schultz 1855.
Lithospermum arvense subsp. gasparrinii	Lithospermum arvense Linnaeus, subsp. gasparrinii (Heldreich ex Gussone) M. Lainz, Supl. Ci. Bol. Inst. Estud. Asturianos 22(11): 25. 1976.	BASIONYM: Lithospermum gasparrinii Heldreich ex Gussone 1843.
Lithospermum arvense var. caerulescens	Lithospermum arvense Linnaeus, var. caerulescens de Candolle, Prodr. 10: 74. 1846.
Lithospermum arvense var. incrassatum	Lithospermum arvense Linnaeus, var. incrassatum (Gussone) Cincovic & Kojic, Fl. SR Srbjie 6: 57. 1974.	BASIONYM: Lithospermum incrassatum Gussone 1826.
Lithospermum calycinum	Lithospermum calycinum Wettstein ex Stapf, Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 50: 30. 1855, non Moris 1834.
Lithospermum gasparrinii	Lithospermum gasparrinii Heldreich ex Gussone, Fl. Sicul. Syn. 1: 217. 1843.		TYPE: ITALY:
Lithospermum incrassatum	Lithospermum incrassatum Gussone, Index Sem. Hort. Boccad. 6. 1826; Fl. Sicul. Prodr. 1: 217. 1827.		TYPE: ITALY:
Lithospermum permixtum	Lithospermum permixtum Jordan ex F. W. Schultz, Arch. Fl. France Allem. 344. 1855.		TYPE: FRANCE:
Lithospermum sibthorpianum	Lithospermum sibthorpianum Grisebach, Spic. Fl. Rumel. 2: 86. 1844.

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen
USA	Florida	Madison Co.	13 Mar 1982	L. C. Anderson 5698
USA	Florida	Madison Co.	16 Feb 1982	D. S. Correll 53316
USA	Florida	Alachua Co.	14 Feb 1995	W. B. Zomlefer 642
USA	Florida	Jefferson Co.	24 Feb 1982	L. C. Anderson 5664
USA	Alabama	Butler Co.	27 Mar 2008	A. R. Diamond 18819
USA	South Carolina	Charleston Co.	06 Mar 1960	H. E. Ahles 53151
USA	South Carolina	Spartanburg Co.	23 Apr 1953	W. H. Duncan 15713
USA	North Carolina	Alamance Co.	10 Apr 1956	A. E. Radford 9689
USA	Maryland	Howard Co.	02 May 2014	W. D. Longbottom 20652
USA	Missouri	Taney Co.	27 Apr 1971	B. A. McArdle 347
USA	Massachusetts	Middlesex Co.	19 May 1900	C. H. Knowlton s.n.
USA	Massachusetts	Suffolk Co.	1911	A. K. Harrison s.n.
USA	Massachusetts	Sussex Co.	17 May 1884	C. W. Jenks s.n.
USA	Texas	Denton Co.	30 Apr 1982	R. P. Sauleda 7174
USA	Maryland	Worcester Co.	24 Apr 2010	W. D. Longbottom 13184
USA	Maryland	Howard Co.	19 Apr 2010	W. D. Longbottom 13154
USA	Maryland	Caroline Co.	20 Apr 2010	W. D. Longbottom 13116
USA	Maryland	Anne Arundel Co.	16 Apr 2008	W. D. Longbottom 10940
USA	Maryland	Queen Anne's Co.	08 Apr 2010	W. D. Longbottom 13079
USA	West Virginia	Pocahontas Co.	05 Jun 1954	R. B. Clarkson 263
USA	Oklahoma	Delaware Co.	06 May 1958	C. S. Wallis 6602
USA	Washington	Chelan Co.	12 Jun 1968	J. L. Gentry 2059
USA	Kentucky	Trimble Co.	12 Apr 1956	D. M. Smith 1322
USA	Pennsylvania	Northampton Co.	1838	J. Wolle s.n.
USA	Maryland	Dorchester Co.	14 Apr 2015	W. D. Longbottom 22511

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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Filter by County - Counties to Exclude - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will not be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will not be found within any of the selected counties.

Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

Web Development: USF Water Institute

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Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

Only plant populations vouchered by specimens deposited in Index Herbariorum http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ recognized herbaria are represented on this map.