Solanum dulcamara

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	SOLANACEAE
Species:	Solanum dulcamara L.
Common Name:	CLIMBING NIGHTSHADE
Status:	Not Native, FAC (NWPL)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	SOLANALES
Family	SOLANACEAE
Genus	Solanum
Species	Solanum dulcamara L. - CLIMBING NIGHTSHADE

Citation

Citation	SOLANUM DULCAMARA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 185. 1753.
Basionym:	**
Type:	Without data (lectotype: LINN 248.7). Lectotypified by Purdie et al., in R. Robertson, Fl. Austral. 29: 103. 1982.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Madison	FLAS

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Dulcamara flexuosa	Dulcamara flexuosa Moench, Methodus 514. 1794.	BASIONYM: Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus 1753.
Solanum dulcamara var. heterophyllum	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. heterophyllum Rafinesque, Med. Fl. 2: 87. 1830, nom. inadmiss.	BASIONYM: Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus 1753.
Solanum ruderale	Solanum ruderale Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 133. 1796, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus 1753.
Solanum scandens	Solanum scandens Lamarck, Fl. Franc. 2: 257. 1779 ("1778"), nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus 1753.
Solanum assimile	Solanum assimile Frivaldsky von Frivald, Flora 19: 439. 1836.
Solanum depilatum	Solanum depilatum Kitagawa, Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 3(App. 1): 39. 1939.
Solanum dulcamara forma albiflorum	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, forma albiflorum House, Bull. New York State Mus. 254: 613. 1924, non Farwell 1923.		TYPE: NEW YORK:
Solanum dulcamara forma albiflorum	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, forma albiflorum Farwell, Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 2: 39. 1923.		TYPE: MICHIGAN: Wayne Co.: Trenton, 26 Jul 1921, Farwell 5944 (holotype: BLH).
Solanum dulcamara forma album	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, forma album (Weston) Rehder, Bibliogr. Trees Shrubs 590. 1949.	BASIONYM: Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. album Weston 1770.
Solanum dulcamara forma lucidum	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, forma lucidum Máthé, Bot. Közlem. 59: 129. 1972.		TYPE: HUNGARY:
Solanum dulcamara forma variegatum	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, forma variegatum (Weston) Rehder, Bibliogr. Trees Shrubs 590. 1949.	BASIONYM: Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. variegatum Weston 1770.
Solanum dulcamara subsp. pusztarum	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, subsp. pusztarum (Soo) Soo, Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 23: 382. 1978.	BASIONYM: Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. pusztarum Soo 1973.
Solanum dulcamara var. album	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. album Weston, Bot. Univ. 1: 279. 1770.
Solanum dulcamara var. canescens	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. canescens Farwell, Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 2: 39. 1923.		TYPE: MICHIGAN: Oakland Co.: Rochester, 15 Aug 1909, Farwell 2105 (holotype: BLH?).
Solanum dulcamara var. indivisum	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. indivisum Boissier, Fl. Orient. 4: 285. 1875.
Solanum dulcamara var. isophyllum	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. isophyllum Rafinesque, Med. Fl. 2: 87. 1830.
Solanum dulcamara var. littorale	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. littorale (Raab) Brand, in W. D. J. Koch, Syn. Deut. Schweiz. Fl., ed. 3. 2009. 1902, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. tomentosum W. D. J. Koch 1837; Solanum littorale Raab 1819.
Solanum dulcamara var. lyratum	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. lyratum (Thunberg) Siebold & Zuccarini, Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(3): 147. 1846.	BASIONYM: Solanum lyratum Thunberg 1788.
Solanum dulcamara var. maritimum	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. maritimum Rafinesque, Med. Fl. 2: 87. 1830.
Solanum dulcamara var. panduratum	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. panduratum Rafinesque, Med. Fl. 2: 87. 1830.
Solanum dulcamara var. persicum	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. persicum (Willdenow ex Roemer & Schultes) Kuntze, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 10: 222. 1887.	BASIONYM: Solanum persicum Willdenow ex Roemer & Schultes 1819.
Solanum dulcamara var. pubescens	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. pubescens Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 2: 129. 1828.
Solanum dulcamara var. pusztarum	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. pusztarum Soo, Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 18: 172. 1973.		TYPE: HUNGARY:
Solanum dulcamara var. repens	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. repens Rafinesque, Med. Fl. 2: 87. 1830.
Solanum dulcamara var. tomentosum	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. tomentosum W. D. J. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 507. 1837.	BASIONYM: Solanum littorale Raab 1819.
Solanum dulcamara var. variegatum	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. variegatum Weston, Bot. Univ. 1: 279. 1770.
Solanum dulcamara var. villosissimum	Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus, var. villosissimum Desvaux, Observ. Pl. ANgers 111. 1818.
Solanum littorale	Solanum littorale Raab, Flora 2: 414. 1819.
Solanum lyratum	Solanum lyratum Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 92. 1788. Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus)		TYPE: JAPAN:
Solanum persicum	Solanum persicum Willdenow ex Roemer & Schultes, Syst. Veg. 4: 662. 1819.
Solanum pseudopersicum	Solanum pseudopersicum Pojarkova, Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk SSSR 17: 328. 1955.
Solanum rupestre	Solanum rupestre F. W. Schmidt, Fl. Boem. 2: 96. 1793.

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen
Denmark			10 Aug 1979	R. P. Wunderlin 8083
India			22 Jul 1957	E. Hanni s.n.
Romania			10 Sep 1941	A. Borza 2463
Romania			15 Jul 1968	I. Lupu 266
Netherlands			24 Aug 1988	C. vanHoek 138
USA	North Carolina	Haywood Co.	16 Aug 1969	D. Pittillo 3102
USA	New Jersey	Bergen Co.	12 Jun 1916	Dr. J. Becquert 11606
USA	Pennsylvania	Lehigh Co.	27 Jun 1898	P. Dowell 421
USA	Massachusetts	Middlesex Co.	15 Aug 1885	C. F. Batchelder 265
USA	Virginia	Warren Co.	19 Jul 1981	T. Bradley 17226
USA	Connecticut	Fairfield Co.	16 Aug 1962	G. R. Cooley 8869
USA	Virginia	Fairfax Co.	23 Jun 1981	J. Whiton 117
USA	Pennsylvania	Lancaster Co.	07 Sep 1980	R. P. Sauleda 4196
USA	Wisconsin	Dane Co.	31 Jul 1986	B. F. Hansen 11092
USA	New Hampshire	Cheshire Co.	30 Jun 1974	J. R. Massey 4149
Canada	Ontario Prov.	Ottawa Co.	19 Jun 1968	J. Pinder-Moss 001215668
USA	Massachusetts	Middlesex Co.	10 Jul 1891	M. Rodman s.n.
USA	Iowa	Poweshiek Co.	27 Jul 1952	N. H. Russell 7275216
Canada	Nova Scotia Prov.	Queens Co.	27 Jun 1950	E. C. Smith 3290
USA	Connecticut	New London Co.	16 Jul 1990	S. R. Hill 21616
USA	Michigan	Clinton Co.	09 Sep 1955	R. E. Perdue 2016
USA	Virginia	Warren Co.	19 Jul 1981	T. Bradley 17226
USA	Virginia	Arlington Co.	10 May 1938	H. A. Allard 4653
USA	Ohio	Butler Co.	13 Jul 1958	T. J. Cobbe 52
Canada	Ontario Prov.	Ottawa Co.	10 Oct 1962	A. G. Walker s.n.
USA	New Jersey	Camden Co.	08 Aug 1963	J.B. Funderburg, Jr. s.n.
USA	New Jersey	Camden Co.	08 Aug 1963	J.B. Funderburg, Jr. s.n.
USA	New York	Suffolk Co.	03 Jun 2017	S. Myers 1944

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

Filter by County - Counties to Include - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to include with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will be found within at least one of the selected counties.
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Filter by County - Counties to Exclude - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will not be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will not be found within any of the selected counties.

Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

Web Development: USF Water Institute

A member of the University of South Florida family of PlantAtlas.org websites

Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

Only plant populations vouchered by specimens deposited in Index Herbariorum http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ recognized herbaria are represented on this map.