Ailanthus altissima

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	SIMAROUBACEAE
Species:	Ailanthus altissima (Mill.)Swingle
Common Name:	TREE-OF-HEAVEN
Status:	Not Native, FACU (NWPL)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	SAPINDALES
Family	SIMAROUBACEAE
Genus	Ailanthus
Species	Ailanthus altissima (Mill.)Swingle - TREE-OF-HEAVEN

Citation

Citation	AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA (Miller) Swingle, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 6: 495. 1916.
Basionym:	Toxicodendron altissimum Miller 1768.
Type:	CHINA: Cult. in England,

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Alachua	FLAS
Franklin	FSU
Hillsborough	USF
Jackson	FTG
Jefferson	FSU
Leon	FSU

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Ailanthus glandulosa	Ailanthus glandulosa Desfontaines, Mém. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 1786: 265, pl. 8. 1788.
Ailanthus pongelion	Ailanthus pongelion J. F. Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 2: 726. 1791, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Ailanthus glandulosa Desfontaines 1788.
Pongelion glandulosum	Pongelion glandulosum (Desfontaines) Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 3: sub pl. 294. 1893.	BASIONYM: Ailanthus glandulosa Desfontaines 1788.
Toxicodendron altissimum	Toxicodendron altissimum Miller, Gard. Dict., ed. 8. 1768.		TYPE: CHINA: Cult. in England,
Ailanthus altissima forma erythrocarpa	Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle, forma erythrocarpa (Carrière) Rehder, Bibl. Cult. Trees 386. 1949.	BASIONYM: Ailanthus erythrocarpa Carrière 1867.
Ailanthus altissima forma pendulifolia	Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle, forma pendulifolia (Dippel) Rehder, Bibl. Cult. Trees 386. 1949.	BASIONYM: Ailanthus glandulosa Desfontaines, var. pendulifolia Dippel 1892.
Ailanthus altissima var. erythrocarpa	Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle, var. erythrocarpa (Carrière) Rehder, Man. Cult. Trees 527. 1927.	BASIONYM: Ailanthus erythrocarpa Carrière 1867.
Ailanthus altissima var. pendulifolia	Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle, var. pendulifolia (Dippel) Rehder, Man. Cult. Trees 527. 1927.	BASIONYM: Ailanthus glandulosa Desfontaines, var. pendulifolia Dippel 1892.
Ailanthus altissima var. sutchuensis	Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle, var. sutchuensis (Dode) Rehder & E. H. Wilson, in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3: 449. 1917.	BASIONYM: Ailanthus sutchuensis Dode 1907.
Ailanthus cacodendron	Ailanthus cacodendron (Ehrhart) Schinz & Thellung, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 38: 679. 1912.	BASIONYM: Rhus cacodendron Ehrhart 1783.
Ailanthus cacodendron var. sutchuensis	Ailanthus cacodendron (Ehrhart) Schinz & Thellung, var. sutchuensis (Dode) Rehder & E. H. Wilson, in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 2: 153. 1914.	BASIONYM: Ailanthus sutchuensis Dode 1907.
Ailanthus erythrocarpa	Ailanthus erythrocarpa Carrière, Rev. Hort. 38: 419. 1867.
Ailanthus giraldii	Ailanthus giraldii Dode, Bull. Soc. Dendrol. France 1907: 191. 1907.		TYPE: CHINA:
Ailanthus giraldii var. duclouxii	Ailanthus giraldii Dode, var. duclouxii Dode ex Rehder, Man. Cult. Trees 527. 1927.
Ailanthus glandulosa forma erythrocarpa	Ailanthus glandulosa Desfontaines, forma erythrocarpa (Carrière) C. K. Schneider, Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 130. 1907.	BASIONYM: Ailanthus erythrocarpa Carrière 1867.
Ailanthus glandulosa var. erythrocarpa	Ailanthus glandulosa Desfontaines, var. erythrocarpa (Carrière) Mouillefert, Traite Arbr. Arbriss. 1: 222. 1891.	BASIONYM: Ailanthus erythrocarpa Carrière 1867.
Ailanthus glandulosa var. pendulifolia	Ailanthus glandulosa Desfontaines, var. pendulifolia Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 365. 1892.
Ailanthus glandulosa var. rubra	Ailanthus glandulosa Desfontaines, var. rubra Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 365. 1892.
Ailanthus glandulosa var. spinosa	Ailanthus glandulosa Desfontaines, var. spinosa A. Vilmorin & Bois, Frutic. Vilmor. 31. 1904.
Ailanthus glandulosa var. sutchuensis	Ailanthus glandulosa Desfontaines, var. sutchuensis (Dode) Rehder, Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges., ed. 2. 1912: 187. 1913.	BASIONYM: Ailanthus sutchuensis Dode 1907.
Ailanthus macrophylla	Ailanthus macrophylla G. Nicholson, Hand-List Trees Shrubs 1: 53. 1894.
Ailanthus mascula	Ailanthus mascula G. Nicholson, Hand-List Trees Shrubs 1: 94. 1894.
Ailanthus peregrina	Ailanthus peregrina (Buchoz) Barkley, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: 264. 1937.	BASIONYM: Albonia peregrina Buchoz 1783.
Ailanthus procera	Ailanthus procera Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 171. 1796, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Ailanthus cacodendron Ehrhart 1783.
Ailanthus rhodoptera	Ailanthus rhodoptera F. Mueller, Fragm. 3: 43. 1862.
Ailanthus rubra	Ailanthus rubra H. Jäger, in H. Jäger & Beissner, Ziergeh. Gärtn. Parkanl., ed. 2. 18. 1884.
Ailanthus sutchuensis	Ailanthus sutchuensis Dode, Bull. Soc. Dendrol. France 1907: 192. 1907.		TYPE: CHINA:
Ailanthus vilmoriniana	Ailanthus vilmoriniana Dode, Rev. Hort. 1904: 444, f. 184. 1904.	BASIONYM: Ailanthus glandulosa Desfontaines, var. spinosa A. Vilmorin & Bois 1904.
Albonia peregrina	Albonia peregrina Buchoz, Herb. Color. Amerique pl. 57. 1783.
Pongelion cacodendron	Pongelion cacodendron (Ehrhart) Farwell, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 67. 1930.	BASIONYM: Rhus cacodendron Ehrhart 1783.
Pongelion vilmorinianum	Pongelion vilmorinianum (Dode) Van Tiegham, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 9. 4: 276. 1906.	BASIONYM: Ailanthus vilmorinianum Dode 1904; Ailanthus glandulosa Desfontaines, var. spinosa A. Vilmorin & Bois 1904.
Rhus cacodendron	Rhus cacodendron Ehrhart, Hannover. Mag. 21: 225. 1783.
Rhus sinensis	Rhus sinensis J. Ellis ex Houttuyn, Nat. Hist. 2: 212. 1774.

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen
USA	Florida	Hillsborough Co.	18 Jul 1986	C. vanHoek 15
USA	North Carolina	Guilford Co.	08 Aug 1958	C. R. Bell 14345
US	Kentucky	Jessamine Co.	17 Jun 1961	E. M. Browne 4234
US	Arkansas	Independence Co.	14 Jun 1968	R. D. Thomas 8623
US	South Carolina	Greenville Co.	10 Jul 1975	C. L. Rodgers 75258
US	Tennessee	Cocke Co.	15 Apr 1968	P. Genelle 2806
Canada	Ontario		07 Aug 1977	I. L. Bayly 16872
USA	Connecticut	Hartford Co.	08 Aug 1988	S. R. Hill 19783
USA	Arizona	Yavapai Co.	25 Sep 1982	D. J. Keil 16357
USA	Virginia	Fairfax Co.	28 Jun 1981	J. Whiton 71

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

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Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

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