Veronicastrum virginicum

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	PLANTAGINACEAE
Species:	Veronicastrum virginicum (L.)Farw.
Common Name:	CULVER'S ROOT
Status:	Native, FACW (DEP), FACW (NWPL)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	LAMIALES
Family	PLANTAGINACEAE
Genus	Veronicastrum
Species	Veronicastrum virginicum (L.)Farw. - CULVER'S ROOT

Citation

Citation	VERONICASTRUM VIRGINICUM (Linnaeus) Farwell, Drugg. Circ. 51: 231. 1917.
Basionym:	Veronica virginica Linnaeus 1753.
Type:	VIRGINIA: Cult. in Holland, without data, Herb. Clifford 7 (lectotype: BM). Lectotypified by Pennell, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monogr. 1: 322. 1935.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Escambia	SB-Lit	Lit-SB: Pennell, Acad. Sci. Philadelphia Monogr. 1: 326. 1935.

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Callistachya virginica	Callistachya virginica (Linnaeus) Rafinesque ex Farwell, Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 17: 176. 1916.	BASIONYM: Veronica virginica Linnaeus 1753.
Eustachya alba	Eustachya alba Rafinesque, Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. 6: 97. 1820, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Veronica virginica Linnaeus 1753.
Leptandra alba	Leptandra alba Rafinesque, Med. Fl. 2: 21. 1830, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Eustachya alba Rafinesque 1820, nom. illegit.; Veronica virginica Linnaeus 1753.
Leptandra virginica	Leptandra virginica (Linnaeus) Nuttall, Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 7. 1818.	BASIONYM: Veronica virginica Linnaeus 1753.
Veronica quinquefolia	Veronica quinquefolia Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 28. 1812, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Veronica virginica Linnaeus 1753.
Veronica quinquefolia var. alba	Veronica quinquefolia Stokes, var. alba Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 28. 1812, nom. inadmiss.	BASIONYM: Veronica quinquefolia Stokes 1812, nom. illegit.; Veronica virginica Linnaeus 1753.
Veronica virginica	Veronica virginica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 9. 1753.		TYPE: VIRGINIA: Cult. in Holland, without data, Herb. Clifford 7 (lectotype: BM). Lectotypified by Pennell, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monogr. 1: 322. 1935.
Veronicastrum album	Veronicastrum album Moench, Methodus 437. 1794, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Veronica virginica Linnaeus 1753.
Callistachya virginica var. lanceolata	Callistachya virginica (Linnaeus) Rafinesque ex Farwell, var. lanceolata Farwell, Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 17: 176. 1916.		TYPE: MICHIGAN: Washtenaw Co.: Ypsilanti, 18 Jul 1891, Farwell 1165 (lectotype: MICH?). Lectotypified by Pennell, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monogr. 1: 323. 1935.
Eustachya oppositifolia	Eustachya oppositifolia Rafinesque, New Fl. 2: 21. 1837 ("1836").		TYPE: VIRGINIA: Without data, Rafinesque s.n. (lectotype: P). Lectotypified by Pennell, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monogr. 1: 323. 1935.
Eustachya purpurea	Eustachya purpurea Rafinesque, Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. 6: 98. 1820.
Leptandra oppositifolia	Leptandra oppositifolia Rafinesque, New Fl. 2: 21. 1837 ("1836").	BASIONYM: Eustachya oppositifolia Rafinesque 1837.
Leptandra purpurea	Leptandra purpurea (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, Med. Fl. 2: 20. 1830.	BASIONYM: Eustachya purpurea Rafinesque 1820.
Leptandra purpurea var. heterophylla	Leptandra purpurea (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, var. heterophylla Rafinesque, Med. Fl. 2: 21. 1830.
Leptandra purpurea var. pallida	Leptandra purpurea (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, var. pallida Rafinesque, Med. Fl. 2: 21. 1830.
Leptandra purpurea var. prolifera	Leptandra purpurea (Rafinesque) Rafinesque, var. prolifera Rafinesque, Med. Fl. 2: 21. 1830.
Leptandra villosa	Leptandra villosa Rafinesque, Med. Fl. 2: 21. 1830.		TYPE: NORTH CAROLINA: Without dat, Denke s.n. (lectotype: PH). Lectotypified by Pennell, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monogr. 1: 323. 1935.
Leptandra virginica var. purpurea	Leptandra virginica (Linnaeus) Nuttall, var. purpurea Eaton, Man. Bot., ed. 5. 275. 1829.		TYPE: VIRGINIA: Without data, Pursh s.n. (holotype: PH).
Veronica quinquefolia var. incarnata	Veronica quinquefolia Stokes, var. incarnata Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 1: 28. 1812.
Veronica virginica forma purpurea	Veronica virginica Linnaeus, forma purpurea (Eaton) Fosberg, Castanea 20: 59. 1955.	BASIONYM: Leptandra virginica (Linnaeus) Nuttall, var. purpurea Eaton 1829.
Veronica virginica var. hirsuta	Veronica virginica Linnaeus, var. hirsuta N. Coleman, Cat. Fl. Pl. S. Penins. Michigan 2: 27. 1874.		TYPE: MICHIGAN:
Veronicastrum virginicum forma purpureum	Veronicastrum virginicum (Linnaeus) Farwell, forma purpureum (Eaton) Farwell, Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 21: 370. 1920.	BASIONYM: Leptandra virginica (Linnaeus) Nuttall, var. purpurea Eaton 1829.
Veronicastrum virginicum forma roseum	Veronicastrum virginicum (Linnaeus) Farwell, forma roseum Farwell, Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 21: 370. 1920.		TYPE: MICHIGAN: Manistee Co.: Parkdale, 4 Jul 1918, Billington & Farwell 5027 (holotype: BLH; isotype: MICH).
Veronicastrum virginicum forma villosa	Veronicastrum virginicum (Linnaeus) Farwell, forma villosum (Rafinesque) Pennell, Rhodora 23: 6. 1921.	BASIONYM: Leptandra villosa Rafinesque 1830.
Veronicastrum virginicum var. lanceolatum	Veronicastrum virginicum (Linnaeus) Farwell, var. lanceolatum (Farwell) Farwell, Drugg. Circ. 51: 231. 1917.	BASIONYM: Callistachya virginica (Linnaeus) Rafinesque ex Farwell, var. lanceolata Farwell 1916.
Veronicastrum virginicum var. purpureum	Veronicastrum virginicum (Linnaeus) Farwell, var. purpureum (Eaton) Farwell, Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 20: 188. 1918.	BASIONYM: Leptandra virginica (Linnaeus) Nuttall, var. purpurea Eaton 1829.

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen
USA	North Carolina	Durham Co.	13 Jul 1967	J. R. Bozeman 10708
USA	North Carolina	Alleghany Co.	17 Sep 1966	J. R. Bozeman 45224
USA	Arkansas	Conway Co.	s.d.	D. Demaree 37222
USA	North Carolina	Ashe Co.	01 Aug 1958	A. E. Radford 38494
USA	Mississippi	Tishomingo Co.	07 Aug 1956	J. D. Ray, Jr. 7414
USA	Mississippi	Newton Co.	27 Jul 1956	J. D. Ray, Jr. 7260
USA	Mississippi	Lauderdale Co.	19 Jul 1956	J. D. Ray, Jr. 7084
USA	Mississippi	Noxubee Co.	19 Jul 1956	J. D. Ray, Jr. 7099

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

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Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

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