Ilex verticillata

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	AQUIFOLIACEAE
Species:	Ilex verticillata (L.)A.Gray
Common Name:	COMMON WINTERBERRY
Status:	Native, OBL (DEP), FACW (NWPL)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	AQUIFOLIALES
Family	AQUIFOLIACEAE
Genus	Ilex
Species	Ilex verticillata (L.)A.Gray - COMMON WINTERBERRY

Citation

Citation	ILEX VERTICILLATA (Linnaeus) A. Gray, Manual, ed. 2. 264. 1856.
Basionym:	Prinos verticillatus Linnaeus 1753.
Type:	VIRGINIA: Without data, Kalm s.n. (lectotype: LINN 452.1). Lectotypified by Reveal, in C. E. Jarvis et al., Regnum Veg. 127: 79. 1993.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Bradford	USF
Escambia	FLAS
Holmes	FLAS
Leon	FSU
Liberty	FSU
Okaloosa	FLAS
Wakulla	USF
Washington	FLAS

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Prinos confertus	Prinos confertus Moench, Methodus 481. 1794, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Prinos verticillatus Linnaeus 1753.
Prinos gronovii	Prinos gronovii Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 236. 1803, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Prinos verticillatus Linnaeus 1753.
Ilex bronxensis	Ilex bronxensis Britton, Man. Fl. N. States 604. 1901.	BASIONYM: Prinos verticillatus Linnaeus, var. tenuifolia Torrey 1824.
Ilex fastigiata	Ilex fastigiata E. P. Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 39: 426. 1912.		TYPE: MASSACHUSETTS: Nantucket Co.: Nantucket Island, near Long Pond, 10 Jul 1912, Bicknell 5632 (holotype: NY; isotype: NY).
Ilex verticillata forma aurantiaca	Ilex verticillata (Linnaeus) A. Gray, forma aurantiaca (Moldenke) Rehder, Bibl. Cult. Trees 403. 1949.	BASIONYM: Ilex verticillata (Linnaeus) A. Gray, var. aurantiaca Moldenke 1939.
Ilex verticillata forma chrysocarpa	Ilex verticillata (Linnaeus) A. Gray, forma chrysocarpa B. L. Robinson, Rhodora 2: 106. 1900.		TYPE: MASSACHUSETTS: Essex Co.: Georgetown, s.d., Horner s.n. (holotype: GH).
Ilex verticillata forma fructuosa	Ilex verticillata (Linnaeus) A. Gray, forma fructuosa Loesener, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Germ. Nat. Cur. 78: 473. 1901.		TYPE: GEORGIA: Bibb Co.: Ockmulgee River, s.d., Smith s.n. (holotype: LE).
Ilex verticillata forma hodgdonii	Ilex verticillata (Linnaeus) A. Gray, forma hodgdonii F. Seymour, Fl. New England 377. 1969; Fl. New England, ed. 2. 377. 1982.		TYPE: NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Ilex verticillata subsp. tenuifolia	Ilex verticillata (Linnaeus) A. Gray, subsp. tenuifolia (Torrey) E. Murray, Kalmia 13: 8. 1983.	BASIONYM: Prinos verticillatus Linnaeus, var. tenuifolius Torrey 1824.
Ilex verticillata var. aurantiaca	Ilex verticillata (Linnaeus) A. Gray, var. aurantiaca Moldenke, Revista Sudamer. Bot. 6: 39. 1939.		TYPE: NEW JERSEY: Morris Co.: Newfoundland, 16 Oct 1938, Moldenke 10759 (holotype: NY).
Ilex verticillata var. cyclophylla	Ilex verticillata (Linnaeus) A. Gray, var. cyclophylla B. L. Robinson, Rhodora 2: 105. 1900.
Ilex verticillata var. fastigiata	Ilex verticillata (Linnaeus) A. Gray, var. fastigiata (E. P. Bicknell) Fernald, Rhodora 23: 274. 1922 ("1921").	BASIONYM: Ilex fastigiata E. P. Bicknell 1912.
Ilex verticillata var. padifolia	Ilex verticillata (Linnaeus) A. Gray, var. padifolia (Willdenow) Torrey & A. Gray ex S. Watson, Bibl. Index N. Amer. Bot. 160. 1878.	BASIONYM: Prinos padifolius Willdenow 1809.
Ilex verticillata var. tenuifolia	Ilex verticillata (Linnaeus) A. Gray, var. tenuifolia (Torrey) S. Watson, Bibl. Index N. Amer. Bot. 160. 1878.	BASIONYM: Prinos verticillatus Linnaeus, var. tenuifolius Torrey 1824.
Prinos padifolius	Prinos padifolius Willdenow, Enum. Pl. 394. 1809.		TYPE: PENNSYLVANIA:
Prinos prunifolius	Prinos prunifolius Desfontaines, Tabl. Ecole Bot., ed. 2. 272. 1815.
Prinos verticillatus	Prinos verticillatus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 330. 1753.
Prinos verticillatus var. dubius	Prinos verticillatus Linnaeus, var. dubius de Candolle, Prodr. 2: 17. 1825.
Prinos verticillatus var. tenuifolius	Prinos verticillatus Linnaeus, var. tenuifolius Torrey, Fl. N. Middle States 338. 1824.

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen
USA	Louisiana	St. Tammany Par.	06 Aug 1979	K. A. Vincent 2642
USA	Georgia	Harris Co.	21 Oct 1972	S. B. Jones 22342
USA	North Carolina	McDowell Co.	21 Sep 1941	F. Ruff s.n.
USA	Mississippi	Tishomingo Co.	12 Oct 1956	J. D. Ray, Jr. 7610
USA	Mississippi	Tishomingo Co.	12 Oct 1956	J. D. Ray, Jr. 7610
USA	Tennessee	Cumberland Co.	03 Oct 1968	K. E. Rogers 42408
USA	North Carolina	Iredell Co.	09 Sep 1966	A. E. Radford 45140
USA	North Carolina	Macon Co.	27 Aug 1966	J. R. Bozeman 7960
USA	Mississippi	George Co.	25 Apr 1954	D. Demaree 34937
USA	Louisiana	Washington Par.	13 May 1972	K. E. Rogers 8020
USA	South Carolina	Oconee Co.	02 Nov 1993	S. R. Hill 25308
USA	South Carolina	Georgetown Co.	13 Jul 1996	S. L. Orzell 25060
USA	Alabama	Pike Co.	30 Apr 2012	A. R. Diamond 23000
USA	Georgia	Gilmer Co.	07 Jun 1983	N. C. Coile 3666
USA	Mississippi	Pike Co.	10 Aug 1955	J. D. Ray, Jr. 5450
USA	Alabama	Houston Co.	01 Aug 1992	S. L. Orzell 20295
USA	North Carolina	Orange Co.	27 Jun 1957	R. F. Britt 1085
USA	Georgia	Barrow Co.	05 Jul 1992	J. E. Seward 1379
USA	Alabama	Baldwin Co.	25 Nov 1981	G. Wilhelm 9804
USA	Georgia	Hall Co.	25 Sep 1955	W. H. Duncan 19462
USA	South Carolina	Georgetown Co.	22 May 1982	W. Saboleff 3125
USA	Mississippi	Monroe Co.	12 Jun 1956	J. D. Ray, Jr. 6272
USA	Mississippi	Benton Co.	06 Jun 1957	G. R. Cooley 5133
USA	Mississippi	Tishomingo Co.	07 Aug 1956	J. D. Ray, Jr. 7455
USA	Louisiana	Tangipahoa Par.	01 Oct 1972	R. D. Thomas 32584
USA	Alabama	Baldwin Co.	20 May 1981	G. Wilhelm 8879
USA	Louisiana	Washington Par.	24 Oct 1975	C. M. Allen 6750
USA	Florida	Bradford Co.	14 Jun 1962	C. F. Caudle 202

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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Filter by County - Counties to Exclude - ANY versus ALL

Any - An Any search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean Or. Plant species returned will not be found within at least one of the selected counties.
All - An All search will combine the list of counties to exclude with a Boolean And. Plant species returned will not be found within any of the selected counties.

Associated Ecological Communities

View a List of All Ecological Communities

For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

Web Development: USF Water Institute

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Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

Only plant populations vouchered by specimens deposited in Index Herbariorum http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ recognized herbaria are represented on this map.