Halesia carolina

Family:STYRACACEAE
Species:Halesia carolina L.
Common Name:CAROLINA SILVERBELL
Status:Native, FACU (NWPL)
Specimen: View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order ERICALES
FamilySTYRACACEAE
Genus Halesia
Species Halesia carolina L. - CAROLINA SILVERBELL

Citation

Citation HALESIA CAROLINA Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 1044. 1759.
Basionym: **
Type: SOUTH CAROLINA: Saluda Co.: Near Saluda, cult. in England (lectotype: Ehret commemorative plate at BM). Lectotypified by Reveal & Seldin, Taxon 25: 133. 1976.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

CountyHerbariaLiterature Citation (If Applicable)
Bay FLAS  
Calhoun USF  
Citrus GH  
Columbia USF  
Dixie FLAS  
Gadsden USF  
Gulf FSU  
Jackson USF  
Lafayette FLAS  
Levy FLAS  
Madison FSU  
Santa Rosa USF  
Taylor FLAS  
Walton FLAS  
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Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

SynonymFull CitationBasionymType
Carlomohria carolina Carlomohria carolina (Linnaeus) Greene, Erythea 1: 246. 1893.BASIONYM: Halesia carolina Linnaeus 1759. 
Carlomohria parviflora Carlomohria parviflora (Michaux) Greene, Erythea 1: 246. 1893.BASIONYM: Halesia parviflora Michaux 1803. 
Halesia carolina subsp. parviflora Halesia carolina Linnaeus, subsp. parviflora (Michaux) E. Murray, Kalmia 13: 7. 1983.BASIONYM: Halesia parviflora Michaux 1803. 
Halesia carolina var. parviflora Halesia carolina Linnaeus, var. parviflora (Michaux) E. Murray, Kalmia 13: 7. 1983.BASIONYM: Halesia parviflora Michaux 1803. 
Halesia parviflora Halesia parviflora Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 40. 1803. TYPE: FLORIDA: St. Johns Co.: Matanzas, s.d., Michaux s.n. (holotype: P; isotype: P).
Mohria carolina Mohria carolina (Linnaeus) Britton, Gard. & Forest 6: 434. 1893.BASIONYM: Halesia carolina Linnaeus 1759. 
Mohrodendron carolinum Mohrodendron carolinum (Linnaeus) Britton, Gard. & Forest 6: 463. 1893.BASIONYM: Halesia carolina Linnaeus 1759. 
Halesia carolina forma dialypetala Halesia carolina Linnaeus, forma dialypetala (Rehder) C. K. Schneider, Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 2: 583. 1911.BASIONYM: Halesia tetrapetala J. Ellis, forma dialypetala Rehder 1907. 
Halesia carolina var. glabrescens Halesia carolina Linnaeus, var. glabrescens (Lange) Perkins, in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4(Heft 30): 96. 1907.BASIONYM: Halesia tetraptera J. Ellis, var. glabrescens Lange 1894. 
Halesia carolina var. mollis Halesia carolina Linnaeus, var. mollis (Lange) Perkins, in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4(Heft 30): 97. 1907.BASIONYM: Halesia tetraptera J. Ellis, var. mollis Lange 1894. 
Halesia meehanii Halesia meehanii Meehan, in Sargent, Gard. & Forest 5: 534. 1892.  
Halesia monticola forma rosea Halesia monticola (Rehder) Sargent, forma rosea Sargent, J. Arnold Arbor. 2: 172. 1921. TYPE: NEW YORK: Monroe Co.: Cult. at Rochester, 2 Jun 1920, Dunbar & Horsey 3 (holotype: A).
Halesia monticola var. vestita Halesia monticola (Rehder) Sargent, var. vestita Sargent, J. Arnold Arbor. 2: 171. 1921. TYPE: ARKANSAS/NORTH CAROLINA:
Halesia tatraptera var. rosea Halesia tetraptera J. Ellis, var. rosea Pépin, Rev. Hort. 6: 66. 1845.  
Halesia tetraptera forma dialypetala Halesia tetraptera J. Ellis, forma dialypetala Rehder, Mitt. Deutsch Dendrol. Ges. 16: 75. 1907. TYPE: MASSACHUSETTS: Cult. at Arnold Arboretum, 14 Jun & Sep 1907, Rehder s.n. (holotype: A).
Halesia tetraptera forma stenocarpa Halesia tetraptera J. Ellis, forma stenocarpa (K. Koch) Voss, Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3. 1: 644. 1894.BASIONYM: Halesia stenocarpa K. Koch 1858. 
Halesia tetraptera var. glabrescens Halesia tetraptera J. Ellis, var. glabrescens Lange, Bot. Tidsskr. 19: 257. 1894. TYPE: MASSACHUSETTS: Cult. at Harvard, 12 Jun 1875, Lange 2 (holotype: LE).
Halesia tetraptera var. meehanii Halesia tetraptera J. Ellis, var. meehanii (Meehan) Sargent, Gard. & Forest 5: 534. 1892.BASIONYM: Halesia meehanii Meehan 1892. 
Halesia tetraptera var. monticola Halesia tetraptera J. Ellis, var. monticola (Rehder) Reveal & Seldin, Taxon 25: 137. 1976.BASIONYM: Halesia carolina Linnaeus, var. monticola Rehder 1914. 
Mohrodendron meehanii Mohrodendron meehanii (Meehan) Sudworth, U.S.D.A. Div. Forest. Bull. 14: 323. 1897.BASIONYM: Halesia meehanii Meehan 1892. 
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Specimens

Country
State
County
Date
Specimen
Notes
Image
USA Alabama Bibb Co. 12 Apr 1992 S. R. Hill 22945
USA Alabama Geneva Co. 06 Apr 1957 R. K. Godfrey 55503
USA Florida Calhoun Co. 19 Mar 2007 T. MacClendon 577
USA Florida Calhoun Co. 12 Mar 2009 T. MacClendon 886
USA Florida Escambia Co. 15 Mar 1981 G. Wilhelm 8520
USA Florida Gadsden Co. 01 Apr 1958 R. K. Godfrey 56234
USA Florida Gilchrist Co. 25 Mar 1958 R. K. Godfrey 56305
USA Florida Holmes Co. 04 Apr 1958 R. K. Godfrey 56401
USA Florida Jackson Co. 05 Mar 1956 R. K. Godfrey 54426
USA Florida Jackson Co. 11 May 1956 R. K. Godfrey 54779
USA Florida Leon Co. 15 Mar 1956 R. K. Godfrey 54465
USA Florida Leon Co. 15 Mar 1956 R. K. Godfrey 54468
USA Florida Levy Co. 25 May 1996 K. Gulledge 31
USA Florida Santa Rosa Co. 15 Mar 1981 G. Wilhelm 8565
USA Florida Santa Rosa Co. 07 Mar 1957 R. K. Godfrey 55411
USA Florida Santa Rosa Co. 10 May 1956 R. K. Godfrey 54772
USA Florida Wakulla Co. 25 Mar 1955 R. K. Godfrey 53050
USA Massachusetts Hampshire Co. 13 Aug 1986 S. R. Hill 17001 CULTIVATED.
USA Mississippi Georgia Co. 18 Apr 1957 J. D. Ray, Jr. 8127
USA Mississippi Perry Co. 15 Apr 1972 K. E. Rogers 7957
USA North Carolina Burke Co. 29 Jun 1965 M. G. Ford 294
USA North Carolina Jackson Co. 02 May 1991 S. R. Hill 22190
USA North Carolina Swain Co. 24 Apr 1986 S. R. Hill 16654
USA North Carolina Transylvania Co. 29 Apr 1989 S. R. Hill 20506
USA South Carolina Aiken Co. 08 Apr 1989 S. R. Hill 20414
USA South Carolina Dorchester Co. 14 Jun 1988 S. R. Hill 19589
USA South Carolina McCormick Co. 08 Apr 1989 S. R. Hill 20410
USA South Carolina Oconee Co. 10 Jun 1987 S. R. Hill 18080
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Records per Page:
Listed Status: Florida
Listed Status: (Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered: A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened: Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.
 
Listed Status: US
Listed Status: US (U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered: Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened: Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
 
WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD: Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D: Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD: Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T: Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U: Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.
  • ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
  • Yes - Show results with WAP designations
  • No - Show results without WAP designations
 
FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council
FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

 
DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL: Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW: Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC: Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.
 
NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL: Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW: Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC: Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU: Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL: Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.
 
Category
Vascular: Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte: A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen: The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

 
State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

  • S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
  • S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
  • S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
  • S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
  • S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
  • SE - State exotic or non-native.
  • SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
  • SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
  • SNR - Not yet ranked.
  • SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.
 
Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

  • G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
  • G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
  • G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
  • G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
  • G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
  • GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
  • GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
  • GNR - Not yet ranked.
  • GX - Species believed to be extinct.
 
Associated Ecological Communities
 
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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

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