Citharexylum spinosum

Distribution Map: Based on vouchered plant specimens from wild populations. Cultivated occurrences are not mapped. View county names by placing the cursor over the map.

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Family:	VERBENACEAE
Species:	Citharexylum spinosum L.
Common Name:	FLORIDA FIDDLEWOOD
Plant Notes:	Méndez (2001) recognized 6 formae of C. spinosum in the Caribbean Islands. Populations along the east coast of Florida generally align with forma spinosum, with some plants conforming to forma subvillosum in the south (Miami-Dade Co.), and some plants in the Keys conforming to forma villosum.
Status:	Native, FACU (NWPL)
Specimen:	View details of USF Herbarium specimens

** Not applicable or data not available.

Classification

Division
Class
Sub Class
Order	LAMIALES
Family	VERBENACEAE
Genus	Citharexylum
Species	Citharexylum spinosum L. - FLORIDA FIDDLEWOOD

Citation

Citation	CITHAREXYLUM SPINOSUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 625. 1753.
Basionym:	**
Type:	BARBADOS: Without data (lectotype: Plukenet, Phytographia t. 161(5). 1692). Lectotypified by R. A. Howard, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 79: 82. 1979. EPITYPE: BARBADOS: St. Andrew, Sep 1940, Gooding 228 (epitype: BM). Epitypified by Méndez & Cafferty, Taxon 50: 1137. 2001.

** Not applicable or data not available.

Source

County	Herbaria	Literature Citation (If Applicable)
Brevard	USF
Indian River	FLAS
Lee	USF
Martin	FLAS
Miami-Dade	USF
Monroe Keys	USF
Monroe Mainland	FTG
Palm Beach	USF
Sarasota	USF

Synonyms

– Denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. Show these synonyms only

Synonym	Full Citation	Basionym	Type
Citharexylum cinereum	Citharexylum cinereum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 872. 1763, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Citharexylum spinosum Linnaeus 1753.
Citharexylum fruticosum	Citharexylum fruticosum Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 1115. 1759, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Citharexylum spinosum Linnaeus 1753.
Citharexylum fruticosum forma subvillosum	Citharexylum fruticosum Linnaeus, forma subvillosum (Moldenke) Moldenke, Phytologia 3 6: 164. 1977.	BASIONYM: Citharexylum fruticosum Linnaeus, var. subvillosum Moldenke 1934.
Citharexylum fruticosum var. subvillosum	Citharexylum fruticosum Linnaeus, var. subvillosum Moldenke, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 37: 223. 1934.		TYPE: CUBA: Oriente: Guantanamo Bay, Fishermans Point, 17-30 Mar 1909, Britton 2101 (holotype: NY).
Citharexylum fruticosum var. villosum	Citharexylum fruticosum Linnaeus, var. villosum (Jacquin) O. E. Schulz, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 6: 63. 1909.	BASIONYM: Citharexylum villosum Jacquin 1784.
Citharexylum molle	Citharexylum molle Salisbury, Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 108. 1796, nom. illegit.	BASIONYM: Citharexylum villosum Jacquin 1784.
Citharexylum spinosum forma subvillosum	Citharexylum spinosum Linnaeus, forma subvillosum (Moldenke) I. Méndez, Willdenowia 31: 422. 2001.	BASIONYM: Citharexylum fruticosum Linnaeus, var. subvillosum Moldenke, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 37: 223. 1934.
Citharexylum spinosum forma villosum	Citharexylum spinosum Linnaeus, forma villosum (Jacquin) I. Méndez, Willdenowia 31: 422. 2001.	BASIONYM: Citharexylum villosum Jacquin 1784.
Citharexylum villosum	Citharexylum villosum Jacquin, Icon. Pl. Rar. 1: 12, t. 118. 1784.		TYPE: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Cult in Austria, without data lectotype: Jacquin, Icon. Pl. Rar. 1: t. 118. 1784. Lectotypified by Méndez, in Greuter, Fl. Republ. Cuba, ser. A. 7: 103. 2003.
Citharexylum albicaule	Citharexylum albicaule Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 36(2): 208. 1863.		TYPE: CUBA: Without data, Sagra 213 (holotype: P; isotypes: NY, W).
Citharexylum bahamense	Citharexylum bahamense Millspaugh ex Britton, Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 3: 450. 1905.		TYPE: BAHAMAS: New Providence Island: Farringdon Road, 24 Aug 1904, Britton & Brace 233 (holotype: NY; isotype: US).
Citharexylum broadwayi	Citharexylum broadwayi O. E. Schulz ex Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 354. 1912.		TYPE: TRINIDAD: Near Cedros, 15 Jan 1908, Broadway 3198 (holotype: B(destr.)).
Citharexylum cinereum	Citharexylum cinereum J. F. Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 2: 942. 1792, nom. illegit. et non Linnaeus 1763.	BASIONYM: Citharexylum teres Jacquin 1760.
Citharexylum coriaceum	Citharexylum coriaceum Desfontaines, Tabl. Ecole Bot., ed. 3. 392. 1829.
Citharexylum fruticosum forma bahamense	Citharexylum fruticosum Linnaeus, forma bahamense (Millspaugh ex Britton) Moldenke, Phytologia 13: 242. 1966.	BASIONYM: Citharexylum bahamense Millspaugh ex Britton 1905.
Citharexylum fruticosum forma subserratum	Citharexylum fruticosum Linnaeus, forma subserratum (Swartz) Moldenke, Phytologia 36: 164. 1977.	BASIONYM: Citharexylum subserratum Swartz 1788.
Citharexylum fruticosum var. brittonii	Citharexylum fruticosum Linnaeus, var. brittonii Moldenke, Lilloa 4: 311. 1939.	BASIONYM: Citharexylum broadwayi O. E. Schulz ex Urban 1912.
Citharexylum fruticosum var. smallii	Citharexylum fruticosum Linnaeus, var. smallii Moldenke, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 37: 223. 1934.		TYPE: BAHAMAS: Andros Island: Near Deep Creek, Long Bays Section, 20-22 Jan 1910, Small & Carter 8583 (holotype: NY).
Citharexylum fruticosum var. subserratum	Citharexylum fruticosum Linnaeus, var. subserratum (Swartz) Moldenke, Phytologia 1: 17. 1933.	BASIONYM: Citharexylum subserratum Swartz 1788.
Citharexylum hybridum	Citharexylum hybridum Moldenke, Lilloa 4: 313. 1939, pro hybr.		TYPE: TRINIDAD: Tobago, 21 Jul 1910, Boadway 4064 (holotype: NY).
Citharexylum pentandrum	Citharexylum pentandrum Ventenat, Descr. Pl. Nouv. t. 47. 1801.		TYPE: PUERTO RICO:
Citharexylum polystachyum	Citharexylum polystachyum Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 36(2): 209. 1863.		TYPE: CUBA: Oriente: Santiago to Río Guaso, 1837, Linden 1975 (holotype: KWU).
Citharexylum quadrangulare	Citharexylum quadrangulare Jacquin, Enum. Syst. Pl. 26. 1760.
Citharexylum spinosum forma brittonii	Citharexylum spinosum Linnaeus, forma brittonii (Moldenke) I. Méndez, Willdenowia 31: 422. 2001.	BASIONYM: Citharexylum fruticosum Linnaeus, var. brittonii Moldenke 1939; Citharexylum broadwayi O. E. Schulz ex Urban 1912.
Citharexylum spinosum forma smallii	Citharexylum spinosum Linnaeus, forma smallii (Moldenke) I. Méndez, Willdenowia 31: 421. 2001.	BASIONYM: Citharexylum fruticosum Linnaeus, var. smallii Moldenke 1934.
Citharexylum spinosum forma subserratum	Citharexylum spinosum Linnaeus, forma subserratum (Swartz) I. Méndez, Willdenowia 31: 421. 2001.	BASIONYM: Citharexylum subserratum Swartz 1788.
Citharexylum subserratum	Citharexylum subserratum Swartz, Prodr. 91. 1788.		TYPE: "Hispaniola", without data, Swartz s.n. (lectotype: S). Lectotypified by Moldenke, Phytologia 6: 384. 1958.
Citharexylum surrectum	Citharexylum surrectum Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W.I. 497. 1861.		TYPE: ANTIGUA/JAMAICA:
Citharexylum teres	Citharexylum teres Jacquin, Enum. Syst. Pl. 26. 1760.		TYPE: MARTINIQUE: Without data (lectotype: Jacquin, Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist. pl. 118. 1763). Lectotypified by I. Méndez, Willdenowia 31: 420. 2001.
Citharexylum tomentosum	Citharexylum tomentosum Poiret, in Lamarck, Encycl., Suppl. 2: 368. 1811.		TYPE: VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. Thomas,

Specimens

Country	State	County	Date	Specimen	Notes
USA	Florida	Brevard Co.	15 Sep 1977	J.M. Carlton s.n.
USA	Florida	Brevard Co.	15 Sep 1977	J.M. Carlton s.n.
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	26 Jun 1952	A. Wilson F-37
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	07 Aug 1966	R. W. Long 2222
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	18 Dec 1974	J. E. Poppleton s.n.
USA	Florida	Brevard Co.	20 Mar 2002	J. E. Tear 2084
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	03 Mar 1963	R. R. Smith 895
USA	Florida	Brevard Co.	17 Oct 1964	O. K. Lakela 27647
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	26 Jun 1952	A. Wilson F-36
USA	Florida	Miami-Dade Co.	13 Aug 1963	O. K. Lakela 26185
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	02 Apr 1979	W. C. Brumbach 9477
USA	Florida	Monroe Co.	19 Apr 1981	W. C. Brumbach 9689
USA	Florida	Martin and Palm Beach Co's	29 Jul 1956	G. R. Cooley 4908
USA	Florida	Brevard Co.	Aug 1951	E.S. Barghoorn 77
USA	Florida	Sarasota Co.	23 Nov 2012	A. R. Franck 3209
USA	Florida	Brevard Co.	29 May 2013	D. H. Williams 3666
USA	Florida	Lee Co.	15 Jan 2014	L. Moriarty LK0144
Dominican Republic	La Vega Prov.	Constanza Mun.	21 Aug 1982	R. P. Sauleda 7473
Puerto Rico		Cayey Mun.	03 Oct 1982	R. P. Sauleda 7830
Puerto Rico		Comerío Mun.	25 Nov 1981	B. F. Hansen 9345
Puerto Rico		Humacao Mun.	01 Dec 1981	B. F. Hansen 9559
Dominica	St. Joseph Par.		07 Aug 1964	R. L. Wilbur 8263
Dominica	St. Joseph Par.		13 Dec 1993	S. R. Hill 25408
Puerto Rico		Culebra Mun.	03 Jun 1969	D. Burch 1456
U.S. Virgin Islands	Water Island	St. Thomas Distr.	29 Sep 1982	R. P. Sauleda 7781
U.S. Virgin Islands	St. John Island	St. John Distr.	10 Nov 1984	S. A. Mori 17055
Dominican Republic	La Romana Prov.		17 Nov 1980	M. Mejía 9136
Dominican Republic	San Pedro de Macorís Prov.	San Pedro de Macorís Mun.	24 Nov 1980	M. Mejía 9409
Dominican Republic	La Romana Prov.		17 Nov 1980	M. Mejía 9147
Puerto Rico		San Juan Mun.	16 Nov 1981	B. F. Hansen 9004
Jamaica	Middlesex Co.	Clarendon Par.	08 Nov 1980	V. Kapos 1588
Dominican Republic	La Romana Prov.		24 Nov 1990	M. Mejía 9443
Dominican Republic	San Pedro de Macorís Prov.	San Pedro de Macorís Mun.	30 Oct 1980	M. Mejía 8902
Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo Prov.	Boca Chica Mun.	25 Sep 1970	A. H. Liogier 17501
Bahamas	Andros Island	North Andros Distr.	15 Oct 1976	R. P. Sauleda 1268
Dominican Republic	Elías Piña Prov.	San Francisco de Bánica Mun.	27 Aug 1982	R. P. Sauleda 7624
Haiti	Sud Dept.		18 Jan 2017	B. Jestrow 2017-H-44
Suriname			24 Mar 1954	J. C. Lindeman 5687	Kind of kalebashout.

Listed Status: Florida

Listed Status:	(Florida):Source - Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Chapter 5B-40, Florida Administrative Code. 1998, amended.
Endangered:	A species of plants native to the state that are in imminent danger of extinction within the state, the survival of which is unlikely if the causes of a decline in the number of plants continue, and includes all species determined to be endangered or threatened pursuant to the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Threatened:	Listed as Threatened Plants in the Preservation of Native Flora of Florida Act. Defined as species of plants native to the state that are in rapid decline in the number of plants within the state, but which have not so decreased in such number as to cause them to be endangered.

Listed Status: US

Listed Status: US	(U.S.) Source - List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
Endangered:	Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Threatened:	Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

WAP: Wetland AssessmentProcedure

Wetland Assessment Procedure (WAP): Source - Southwest Florida Water Management District, Wetland Assessment Procedure Instruction Manual for Isolated Wetlands (March 2005).

AD:	Adaptive Species. Plant species designated as FAC or Upland by DEP, but commonly seen in the transition zone in limited numbers.
D:	Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the deep zone, and designated either FAC or OBL by DEP.
OD:	Outer Deep Species. Plant species commonly found in the outer deep zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
T:	Transition Species. Plant species commonly found in the transition zone, and designated either FACW or OBL by DEP.
U:	Upland Species. Plant species that are not expected to be seen in wetlands.

ANY - WAP critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with WAP designations
No - Show results without WAP designations

FISC: Florida Invasive Species Council

FISC:

Source - Florida Invasive Species Council's 2017 List of Florida's Most Invasive Species

Category I - Species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida. This definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused.

Category II - Species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. These species may become ranked as Category I, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural Florida communities.

DEP: Department of Environmental Protection

Wetland Status, Department of Environmental Regulation (DEP): Source - Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters, Chapter 62-340, Florida Administrative Code. 1994.

OBL:	Obligate wetland. Occurs almost always under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands, but occasionally found in non-wetlands
FAC:	Facultative. equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands.

NWPL: National Wetland Plant List

National Wetland Plant List (NWPL): Source - Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterwick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42.

OBL:	Obligate Wetland. Occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in wetlands.
FACW:	Facultative Wetland. Usually occurs in wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in non-wetlands.
FAC:	Facultative. Equally likely to occur in wetlands or non-wetlands (estimated probability 34%-66%).
FACU:	Facultative Upland. Usually occurs in non-wetlands (estimated probability 67%-99%), but occasionally found in wetlands (estimated probability 1%-33%).
UPL:	Obligate Upland. Occurs in wetlands in another region, but occurs almost always (estimated probability 99%) under natural conditions in non-wetlands in the regions specified.

Persisting

Identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons.

Any - Persisting critieria is not taken into consideration
Yes - Show results with a Persisting value of Y
No - Show results without Persisting value of N

Duration

Annual:	Plants that perform their entire lifecycle within a single growing season. All roots, stems, and leaves die at the end of the growing season. Over wintering seeds allow the next generation to appear.
Biennial:	A plant that is typically vegetative its first year and blooms the following season. Once it has bloomed and set seed, the plant dies. Garlic mustard is an example of a biennial.
Perennial:	These plants live for three or more seasons. Many perennials may not be mature enough to bloom during its first year. Perennial wildflowers re-grow each season from overwinter root material.

Category

Vascular:	Any of various plants that have the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The vascular plants include all seed-bearing plants (the gymnosperms and angiosperms) and the pteridophytes (including the ferns, lycophytes, and horsetails). Also called tracheophyte.
Bryophyte:	A large group of seedless green plants including the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes lack the specialized tissues xylem and phloem that circulate water and dissolved nutrients in the vascular plants. Bryophytes generally live on land but are mostly found in moist environments, for they have free-swimming sperm that require water for transport. In contrast to the vascular plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes constitutes the larger plant form, while the small sporophyte (diploid) generation grows on or within the gametophyte and depends upon it for nutrition.
Lichen:	The mutualistic symbiotic association of a fungus with an alga or a cyanobacterium, or both. The fungal component of a lichen absorbs water and nutrients from the surroundings and provides a suitable environment for the alga or cyanobacterium. These live protected among the dense fungal hyphae and produce carbohydrates for the fungus by photosynthesis. Owing to this partnership, lichens can thrive in harsh environments such as mountaintops and polar regions. The more familiar lichens grow slowly as crusty patches, but lichens are found in a variety of forms, such as the tall, plantlike reindeer moss. The association between the different organisms in a lichen is so close that lichens are routinely referred to as a single organism, and scientists classify lichens using the name of the fungal component.

(Definitions from: American Heritage Science Dictionary)

Growth Habit

Intro paragraph to be provided by New York.

Vine:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Shrub:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Tree:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.
Et cetera:	DESCRIPTION TO BE PROVIDED BY NEW YORK.

State Rank

This numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 (very rare) to 5 (common). These ranks carry no legal status.

S1 - Typically 5 or fewer occurrences, very few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable in the state.
S2 - Typically 6 to 20 occurrences, few remaining individuals, acres, or miles of stream, or factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable in the state.
S3 - Typically 21 to 100 occurrences, limited acreage, or miles of stream in the state.
S4 - Apparently secure in the state.
S5 - Demonstrably secure in the state.
SE - State exotic or non-native.
SH - Historically known from the state, but not seen in the past 15 years.
SNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. This is mainly those species which are now excluded from flora for various reasons.
SNR - Not yet ranked.
SX - Apparently extirpated from the state.

Global Rank

Each species' global rank is determined by NatureServe. These ranks carry no legal weight. The global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity.

G1 - Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences), or very few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or especially vulnerable to extinction because of some factor of its biology.
G2 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G3 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G4 - Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 - 20 occurrences, or few remaining acres, or miles of stream) or very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors.
G5 - Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH - Historically known, with the expectation that it might be rediscovered.
GNA - Species for which a rank is not applicable. NatureServe does not typically rank hybrid species.
GNR - Not yet ranked.
GX - Species believed to be extinct.

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Associated Ecological Communities

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For more information, contact: Richard Wunderlin or Bruce Hansen, Alan Franck, or Karla Alvarado

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Citation Information:

Wunderlin, R. P., B. F. Hansen, A. R. Franck, and F. B. Essig. 2024. Atlas of Florida Plants (http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/). [S. M. Landry and K. N. Campbell (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.

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Definition: Vouchered Specimen

A voucher specimen is a pressed and thoroughly dried plant sample deposited in a herbarium, and is intended to be a permanent record supporting research purposes. A voucher may be a record of a plant's occurrence in a particular area, or a specific example of a plant used in a scientific investigation.

Proper vouchers display all the necessary attributes for complete identification of the plant, and are to be accompanied by accurate locality, habitat, collection time, and collector data.

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